China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Extreme Events, Population, and Risk: An Integrated Modeling Approach
Published in Vyacheslav Lyubchich, Yulia R. Gel, K. Halimeda Kilbourne, Thomas J. Miller, Nathaniel K. Newlands, Adam B. Smith, Evaluating Climate Change Impacts, 2020
Lelys Bravo de Guenni, Desireé Villalta, Andrés Sajo-Castelli
For each grid cell s and time t we estimate disaggregation factors νt,s, using the Bayesian kriging spatiotemporal average rainfall predictions . The total rainfall at time t, Ht, is estimated by aggregating spatially, where S is the total number of grid cells covering the spatial domain. With an estimate for the total rainfall and the grid spatial average , we can set weights νt,s as: The weight νt,s is the proportion of precipitation for each grid cell s ∈ S and time t ∈ T. By assuming that this same relationship holds for the vulnerability model, it is possible to spatially disaggregate as follows: After multiplying by the exposure Et,s, the expected losses can be calculated as: where At,s represents the total number of casualties at time t ∈ T and grid cell s ∈ S. This identity summarizes the key concept used in this research regarding risk estimation.
Pervasive Health and Remote Care
Published in Arvind Kumar Bansal, Javed Iqbal Khan, S. Kaisar Alam, Introduction to Computational Health Informatics, 2019
Arvind Kumar Bansal, Javed Iqbal Khan, S. Kaisar Alam
An elderly person suffering from dementia may walk outside the residential-premises in a confused disoriented state. By comparing the history of his walks and mapping his movement on grid-cells of a digital map, his regular activities is subtracted from the daily walk, and the disoriented walks are recognized. The walking activity is modeled as a graph where the nodes are the places and landmarks frequently visited by the elderly person. For example, a graph vertex can be community store, drug store, home, grocery store, frequently-visited friends or kin's home. The edges of the graph carry the information about frequency-of-visit, duration-of-walk, measure of irregularity of a walk between two vertices and the order of traversal.
Multimodality probes for cardiovascular imaging
Published in Yi-Hwa Liu, Albert J. Sinusas, Hybrid Imaging in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2017
James T. Thackeray, Frank M. Bengel
The so-called bifunctional GRID chelate, comprising a dextran polymer decorated with Gd-DTPA and fluorescent rhodamine, has been used effectively in stroke research. Neural cells (Maudsley Hippocampal Clone 36 [MHP36]) were cultured and split prior to incubation with GRID under proliferative conditions over 6 h. At 3 months following middle cerebral artery occlusion, mice were transplanted with 2 × 105 MHP36 cells in the contralateral hemisphere to track the migration toward the ischemic lesion within the ipsilateral hemisphere. T2-weighted MR images showed enhanced contrast of the stem cell transplant, and revealed significant transhemisphere migration of the stem cells in the stroke-induced animal, beginning from 7 days, and reaching maximum at 14 days after transplant. Localization was confirmed by postmortem fluorescence histology, demonstrating differentiation of transplanted cells by colocalization of rhodamine with the pan neuronal marker (NeuN) (Modo et al. 2004a, 2004b). In another study, Brekke et al. confirmed the viability and normal function of GRID labeled neural stem cells (Brekke et al. 2007). They demonstrated stable presence of the rhodamine fluorescence signal over 7 days after cell labeling in vitro, with maximal fluorescence and Gd loading at 16 h incubation time. GRID was found to be distributed throughout the cytoplasm, with a small component found within and at the boundaries of lysosomes. Cell viability was reduced after 24 h of incubation, with a decrease in proliferation potentially related to reactive oxygen species accumulation. However, at 16 h of incubation with GRID, cell migration was unaffected, and cells exhibited no impedance of differentiation to astrocytes, neurons, or oligodenrocytes. In vitro MR studies showed improved contrast with larger number of GRID labeled cells, but the authors acknowledge that the potential toxicity of the labeling procedure may limit therapeutic efficacy of these modified stem cells (Figure 11.6) (Brekke et al. 2007).
Novel dual CAFs and tumour cell targeting pH and ROS dual sensitive micelles for targeting delivery of paclitaxel to liver cancer
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2023
Chunjing Guo, Wei Zhang, Qiaoyun Zhang, Yanguo Su, Xiaoya Hou, Qiang Chen, Huimin Guo, Ming Kong, Daquan Chen
Epidemiological and clinical studies have shown that tissue fibrosis in certain organs such as the liver and pancreas is a precursor to corresponding cancer [5–7]. For example, stationary pancreatic and hepatic stellate cells can obtain CAFs-like phenotypes in pancreatic and liver cancer. CAFs, as a network cell, are steady with little antigen misfortune and treatment obstruction; enormous aggregate contrasts of tumour cells between people, while grid cells are non-harmful cells with somewhat single phenotype. The fibroblast-activated protein (FAP) is one of the most important molecular markers on the CAFs surface, which became a potential target for tumour immunotherapy [8–10]. FAP is a type II complete membrane serine protease overexpressed by CAFs, selectively expressed in over 90% of human epithelial tumours, and is considered a generic tumour antigen and a promising target for CAFs depletion [11,12]. Z-glycine-proline (ZGP) is a small molecule peptide that can specifically target FAP [13–15].
Analysis of Retinal Layers in Fibromyalgia Patients with Premium Protocol in Optical Tomography Coherence and Quality of Life
Published in Current Eye Research, 2022
B. Cordón, E. Orduna, E. Viladés, E. Garcia-Martin, J. Garcia-Campayo, M. Puebla-Guedea, V. Polo, J. M. Larrosa, L. E. Pablo, M. J. Vicente, M. Satue
Plentiful studies on retinal alterations in FM could not be found. Loss of RNFL thickness in a group of FM patients had previously been observed at this hospital by our own team.5 In the present study, significant thinning affecting both the RNFL and GCL in FM patients was detected in comparison with control subjects. In RNFL, affected grid cells were observed in the superior and inferior areas along the papillary arch. With regard to the GCL, more affected grid cells in the area of the analysis were detected, especially around the macular area and in the temporal area. Ganglion cells of the retina undergo physiological changes due to aging, but our results showing thinning of ganglion cells in FM patients are more significant. In the GCL, a higher level of significance and a larger affected area (GCL thinning) were found compared to the RNFL, so it is postulated that, in FM, structural alterations affect the nuclei of the ganglion cells earlier and to a greater degree than the axon of the cell. These findings are important since, up to now, the diagnosis of FM has been made through subjective tests, and there are no quantifiable objective tests. Furthermore, the PPole protocol can determine the exact location of the papillomacular bundle, and therefore supply more accurate results. This area usually shows the first pathological changes established in neurodegenerative diseases, and hence, this new protocol might be a potential tool to provide new biomarkers for early diagnosis.17
A statistical framework for measuring the temporal stability of human mobility patterns
Published in Journal of Applied Statistics, 2021
Zhihang Dong, Yen-Chi Chen, Adrian Dobra
The disadvantage of using the last crossing time in Equation (14) as a measure of temporal stability comes from the fact that it gives the same weight to the error made when estimating the proportion of time spent in grid cells in which an individual spends a lot of their time, and to the grid cells in which the individual rarely visits. The number of grid cells with a large proportion of time spent in them is likely significantly smaller than the total number of grid cells N because most people tend to spend time at their residence, to their work place and perhaps in a few other select locations. For this reason, the error made when estimating the proportion of time spent in grid cells with sparse presence could dominate the overall APE of