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Ante-natal care, screening and child health surveillance
Published in Jackie Musgrave, Health and Wellbeing for Babies and Children, 2022
Since the start of this century, there is growing evidence of the importance of early intervention approaches to promote the long-term health of children. Approximately 20% of children experience developmental delay and identifying developmental delay or abnormalities means that interventions and or treatment can be put in place, with the aim of minimising the potential impact on the child. The surveillance approach can be described as being reactive to an existing condition or problem, in contrast, early intervention can be regarded as being proactive or preventative.
Microdeletion Syndromes
Published in Merlin G. Butler, F. John Meaney, Genetics of Developmental Disabilities, 2019
Gopalrao V. N. Velagaleti, Nancy J. Carpenter
Recommendations for clinical management of patients with cri du chat syndrome have been published (27). Growth parameters should be closely monitored. Some children may require gastrostomy because of feeding difficulties and poor nutrition. Echocardiograms are warranted to detect congenital heart defects. Most defects can be repaired, but these children may have problems with anesthesia due to their hypoplastic larynx and respiratory abnormalities. Patients with this condition are also prone to recurrent upper respiratory infections and otitis media that require treatment. Early assessment of developmental delays should include evaluation of cognitive abilities, gross and fine motor skills, and speech and language. Developmental disabilities should be addressed through early intervention programs. Psychological evaluation and early treatment of behavior problems including sleep disorders and hyperactivity are recommended. Because of the limited communicative abilities of children with cri du chat syndrome, it has been suggested that interventions emphasizing nonverbal commands may help reduce behavior problems.
Management of functional constipation in children
Published in Clarissa Martin, Terence Dovey, Angela Southall, Clarissa Martin, Paediatric Gastrointestinal Disorders, 2019
Caroline E Danda, Paul E Hyman
In summary, the majority of children with functional constipation and encopresis are likely to be treated effectively with medical management of constipation combined with basic education and behavioural methods. A small subset may need more traditional psychological intervention combined with medical-behavioural treatment of soiling and toilet-training. Assessment should include evaluation of a child’s emotional well-being and temperament, cognitive and developmental level, behavioural compliance and family functioning. Particularly for those children who were not successful with standard medical treatment, clinicians can evaluate emotional and behavioural functioning using a standardised rating scale such as the Child Behaviour Checklist or the Behaviour Assessment Scale for Children. Another broad-band option would be the Swanson, Nolan and Pelham–IV rating scale, which provides specific assessment of behavioural and attention issues and is available in the public domain. Many of the same combined medical and behavioural strategies can be used with children with developmental delays or other physical abnormalities. However, language may need to be modified to be developmentally appropriate and shaping toileting behaviours may involve more steps.
Engaging with parents in decision-making: The dilemma of the ideal and reality
Published in Speech, Language and Hearing, 2022
Fatma Canan Durgungoz, Anne Emerson
Parents’ critical role in children’s development necessitates professionals and parents to work together in every step of the decision-making to support children's learning and development (Tutt & Williams, 2015). To achieve this, professionals may reconsider their role as co-workers and coach parents of infants and toddlers who experience ‘developmental delay, or at high risk for developmental delay’ by advising them what to do (Kemp & Turnbull, 2014, p. 308). Training parents as ‘co-participants’ and giving them a ‘parent educator role’ can help parents to acknowledge their children with developmental disabilities’ unique needs (Kaiser & Hancock, 2003, p. 13). In this way, parents may ‘carry over’ the interventions at home and then ‘maintain’ their child's language development (Law & Camilleri, 2007, p. 4).
Scoping review on noticing concerns in child development: a missing piece in the early intervention puzzle
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2021
Belinda Cuomo, Annette Joosten, Sharmila Vaz
Developmental delays or “subtle developmental problems” impact a child’s development of cognition, motor skills, speech and language, social-emotional development and/or behaviour [4]. Children experiencing delays may be largely determined as being in one of three groups: those with established delays in one or more areas; those with diagnosed physical or mental conditions that may result in delay; and those who are at-risk of experiencing delays [5]. Developmental delay is a recognised global concern, with an estimated 200 million children under five years of age not reaching their developmental potential [6]. Rates of children at-risk for delays in developed nations range between 13 and 32% [7–11], with children from vulnerable families or “at-risk” groups experiencing an even higher risk of developmental concerns [12]. Failing to support child development can result in associated economic and social costs, including poorer workforce participation, heightened reliance on welfare, and increased healthcare utilisation over the life span [13].
Anxiety and depression among caregivers of young children with Congenital Zika Syndrome in Brazil
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2021
Natalie A. Williams, Pompéia Villachan-Lyra, Christine Marvin, Emmanuelle Chaves, Cody Hollist, Holly Hatton-Bowers, Leopoldo Nelson F. Barbosa
Recommended clinical care of infants with CZS includes comprehensive postnatal physical and neurological examination, followed by ongoing monitoring and screening of vision, hearing, feeding, growth, and neurodevelopmental and endocrine functioning [13,14]. Early monitoring and identification of developmental delays is critical to ensure that children receive appropriate subspecialty care, such as speech, visual, occupational, and physical therapies. These services are essential to maximize children’s physical and intellectual abilities, and to promote their participation in family and community life and improve their overall quality of life. Parents and other primary caregivers are encouraged to take an active role in the care and developmental monitoring of children born with CZS [13], and are viewed by the medical team as key partners in providing ongoing developmental stimulation of these young children in the home environment. However, caregivers’ capacity to function effectively in this role may be affected by their own emotional state. Psychological distress, particularly symptoms of anxiety and depression, has been shown to compromise parents’ coping resources, diminish parent–child relationship quality, and adversely affect parents’ ability to problem-solve to meet their child’s needs [15,16].