China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Skin Testing in Drug Hypersensitivity
Published in Kirsti Kauppinen, Kristiina Alanko, Matti Hannuksela, Howard Maibach, Skin Reactions to Drugs, 2020
The tests are read according to the criteria of the International Contact Dermatitis Research Group (ICDRG) (Table 1).5 The criteria have been criticized because they take a position on the significance of the reactions and they do not differentiate between the types of irritant reactions, some of which may be indistinguishable from allergic ones. An irritant reaction is usually positive on D2 and negative on D4. However, irritant reactions from some substances, e.g., quaternary ammonium compounds, increase in intensity and size for up to 4 to 5 days. The reader’s experience, testing with a dilution series, and the use of the repeated open application test (ROAT) procedure7 and other use tests help in the evaluation of patch test results. A positive reaction in ROAT is not always a sign of delayed allergy because irritant substances, at least a popular dish washing liquid,8 may cause cumulative irritant contact dermatitis in ROAT resembling allergic contact dermatitis, as also do aqueous sodium lauryl sulfate and benzalkonium chloride in a cream base (unpublished personal observations).
Vitamin D
Published in John Melford, Pocket Guide to Cancer, 2017
Fifty women developed non-skin cancer during the course of the study, 13 of which occurred during the first year. In comparison to the placebo group, the relative risk of developing cancer was 40% for the calcium and vitamin D group and 53% for the calcium only group. If it is assumed that cancers diagnosed early in the study were already present and unrecognized, the relative risk for the calcium and vitamin D group drops to 23% and that of the calcium only group rises to 59%. In addition, Lappe et al. also concluded serum D4 concentrations were a significant, independent indicator of cancer risk.
Platelet dysfunction caused by a novel thromboxane A2 receptor mutation and congenital thrombocytopenia in a case of mild bleeding
Published in Platelets, 2020
Peter Bugert, Lars Fischer, Karina Althaus, Ralf Knöfler, Tamam Bakchoul
The index patient (D1, male, 3 years) and a sibling (D2, female, 5 years) were referred to the Pediatric Department at the Leipzig University Hospital. The mother (D3, 36 years, French) and father (D4, 38 years, German) were included for platelet function and molecular genetic analyses. Informed consent for genetic investigation was given from the mother and father including their children. A mild bleeding phenotype including a bruising tendency and occacional epistaxis was reported for D1. D2 and D3 had similar but less frequent symptoms, whereas, D4 had no bleeding symptoms. In additon, D3 reported postpartal hemorrhage (PPH) at both deliveries. Platelet counts were low in D1 (99 Gpt/L), D2 (97 Gpt/L) and D4 (86 Gpt/L), and normal in D3 (194 Gpt/L). Platelet function was estimated for D1, D2 and D3 but not for D4 by light transmission aggregometry (LTA) according to ISTH recommendations with agonist concentrations as indicated [7]. LTA with ADP (10 µM), collagen (1.9 g/L), epinephrine (50 µM) and ristocetin (1.5 g/L) revealed normal aggregation responses of >70% (not shown). A significantly diminished aggregation response of 20% on AA (1 mM) stimulation was observed for D1 and D3 (Table I). Stimulation of the D1 platelets by using the TxA2 analog U46619 (0.8 µM) also resulted in a low aggregation response (22%) and indicated a defect in the TxA2R or downstream signaling (Table I). The platelet responses of the sibling D2 were normal.
Health state utilities associated with treatment options for acute myeloid leukemia (AML)
Published in Journal of Medical Economics, 2019
Louis S. Matza, Kristen A. Deger, Timothy A. Howell, Kimberly Koetter, Andrew M. Yeager, Donna Hogge, Vicki Fisher, Arthur C. Louie, Karen C. Chung
Six path states (C1, C2, D1, D2, D3, and D4) represented a year beginning with chemotherapy followed by remission. Health states C1 and C2 described a year beginning with induction therapy followed by remission (B1). Health state C1 described the 7 + 3 induction regimen1,44,48, while C2 described induction with CPX-35115. Health states D1 to D4 described a year beginning with post-remission consolidation therapy, with subsequent continued remission (B1). Health state D1 described the 5 + 2 consolidation regimen1,48, and D2 described high-dose cytarabine (HiDAC)1,43,47. When used as consolidation therapy, CPX-351 can be administered in either an inpatient or outpatient setting16,46, and this difference in setting was hypothesized to have an influence on health state preferences. Therefore, two health states were drafted to represent these two types of CPX-351 consolidation therapy: inpatient (D3) and outpatient (D4).
A mechanistic evaluation of the potential for octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane to produce effects via endocrine modes of action
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2021
Because of its presence at low levels in consumer products and the biosphere, several studies in animals, cells in culture, and isolated receptors have examined the biological fate and effects of D4. The focus of this review is to catalogue those actions of D4 for which there is a hypothesis of a potential endocrine system-related mode of action and to determine the potential of these actions for producing adverse effects. The information in this review encompasses all of the available data, from the earliest report in 1988 to the present, on the potential endocrine system-related actions of D4. Most of the data for D4 and decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) are from unpublished research reports from the Dow Corning Corporation (DCC). Some of this data has also been published. The author relied primarily on the original data for the preparation of this review. Most of the in vivo studies have employed the rat as the experimental subject. D4, only at high doses (e.g. ≥300 ppm for inhalational exposures), produces a variety of effects on female reproductive parameters. The possibility that any of these effects on the female reproductive system may be due to an endocrine mode of action is evaluated according to the weight of evidence, tier 1 guidelines of the United States Environmental Protection Agency endocrine disruptor screening program (U.S. EPA 2011) and the evidence for each potential endocrine system effect is prioritized consistent with the hypothesis-driven framework and endpoint rankings as described by Borgert et al. (2011, 2014), de Peyster and Mihaich (2014), Mihaich et al. (2017), Neal et al. (2017), and Mihaich and Borgert (2018).