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Higher Brain Areas Involved in Respiratory Control
Published in Alan D. Miller, Armand L. Bianchi, Beverly P. Bishop, Neural Control of the Respiratory Muscles, 2019
Some of the most common respiratory disorders, such as asthma and obstructive sleep apnea, are characterized by increased resistance to airflow. The motor and afferent activity in brain regions responding to such resistance challenges can be visualized with fMRI techniques. Integration of activity associated with inspiratory loading activates rostral, midbrain, ventral medullary, and cerebellar structures (Figure 3).17 These areas include the putamen, anterior hypothalamus, interpeduncular nucleus, parabrachial and basal pons, locus coeruleus, and distinct portions of the cerebellum (culmen and central portion of vermis, and tuber and uvula of vermis). Brain areas activated by expiratory loading additionally include the ventral medulla, in addition to cerebellar, pontine, and rostral sites.18 Rapid off-transients accompany removal of loads, and reapplication of a load results in accommodation of the signal, i.e., the signal is smaller on reapplication. If the loads are sustained, the fMRI signal progressively decreases. The accommodation of the signal to the load suggests a neural adaptation process.
Discussions (D)
Published in Terence R. Anthoney, Neuroanatomy and the Neurologic Exam, 2017
The lobules of the cerebellum tend to be divided into those belonging to the vermis and those belonging to the hemispheres. The various hemispheric lobules are often considered by cerebellar researchers as lateral extensions of corresponding vermal lobules. This fact is formalized in the classification of Larsell. He subdivided the mammalian vermis into 10 parts, which he labelled lobules I-X (e.g., 1952, p.348), and the hemispheres into corresponding extensions, which he labelled lobules HI-HX (e.g., 1967–1972, Vol. 2, p. 43–44).8 Perhaps because the various named hemispheric lobules are sometimes described as extensions of vermal named lobules, a few authors make misleading statements that describe entire lobes of the cerebellum as if consisting solely of vermal lobules. For example, Chusid states that “The anterior lobe, which contains the lingula, central lobule, and culmen monticuli, is the paleocerebellum” (1985, p. 57; see DeJ, p. 319, for a similar statement); and Garoutte labels as “anterior vermis” the entire anterior lobe (1981, p. 123 [Fig. 92B]). As another example, Ghez and Fahn (in K&S) mention that “anatomists have identified 10 different lobules (denoted by different names and Roman numerals, Figure 39–2)”; and they mention one of them—the cerebellar tonsils (p. 504). Upon viewing Fig. 39–2 (p. 506), however, we find that the only named lobules other than the tonsil and the flocculus are nine vermal ones. Consequently, the reader is led to believe that most of the cerebellar hemispheres belong to these lobules.
The Gallbladder (GB)
Published in Narda G. Robinson, Interactive Medical Acupuncture Anatomy, 2016
Functional brain imaging reveals how neuromodulation affects cerebral activation levels, whether the stimulation arrives by cranial, spinal, or peripheral neural avenues. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) research evaluating the effects of acupuncture on the brain has compared stimulation of scalp and body loci. Findings expose unique signal activations between the two groups, most likely resulting from the different afferent endings stimulated by each approach.16 The scalp acupuncture group (needled at left-side only TH 20, GB 18, GB 9, and Sishencong) demonstrated more activity in the contralateral somatosensory association cortex, the postcentral gyrus, and the parietal lobe as compared to the limb acupuncture group, who received treatment at right-side only LI 1, LI 10, LR 3, and ST 36. Perhaps unsurprisingly, the latter points produced activation in the right occipital lobe, lingual gyrus, visual association cortex, right parahippocampal gyrus, limbic lobe, hippocampus, left anterior lobe, culmen, and cerebellum.
Positive association between cerebral grey matter metabolism and dopamine D2/D3 receptor availability in healthy and schizophrenia subjects: An 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose and 18F-fallypride positron emission tomography study
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2020
Serge A. Mitelman, Monte S. Buchsbaum, Bradley T. Christian, Brian M. Merrill, Bradley R. Buchsbaum, Jogeshwar Mukherjee, Douglas S. Lehrer
FDG images were normalised by dividing each voxel by mean values of the whole brain, masked with MNI brain and using slices above MNI z = −53 (see image alignment in a typical subject with schizophrenia in Figure 1). A restricted vertical range was chosen to minimise errors in the brain extraction routine at low slice levels. These relative 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose metabolic rates were used in all analyses. For analyses of 42 Brodmann areas, gyri, hippocampus, insula, and subcortical structures, FDG uptake and 18F-fallypride BPND values were obtained using AFNI regions of interest (Cox 1996). Subcortical structures included the amygdala, cerebellar subregions (tonsil, culmen, declive, tuber and pyramid of the vermis, dentate and fastigial nuclei), basal ganglia associated structures (head, body and tail of the caudate nucleus, putamen, lateral globus pallidus, medial globus pallidus, red nucleus, substantia nigra, claustrum), hypothalamus and mamillary bodies, thalamic nuclei (pulvinar, ventral anterior, lateral dorsal, ventral lateral, ventral posteromedial, lateral posterior, ventral posterolateral, mediodorsal as well as anterior and midline nuclear groups).
Functional brain alterations in migraine patients: an activation likelihood estimation study
Published in Neurological Research, 2023
Lihua Gu, Hao Shu, Yanjuan Wang
Migraine patients showed reduced ReHo in the right culmen, compared to HC (Figure 3a and supplementary table 3). All included patients were MWoA patients in the included studies. In addition, migraine patients showed increased ReHo in the bilateral THA, compared to HC (Figure 3b and supplementary table 3). MWoA patients showed increased ReHo in the right THA, compared to HC (Figure 3c and supplementary table 3).