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Echophenomena and Coprophenomena
Published in Alexander R. Toftness, Incredible Consequences of Brain Injury, 2023
Copropraxia is the act of making vulgar gestures when not intending to do so. Which gestures this consists of varies by culture, depending on which gestures are rude and forbidden. Many of these rude gestures involve hand signs, but other vulgar displays such as hip thrusting at inappropriate times are also reported (Lees et al., 1984). Spitting at rude times is also a behavior associated with copropraxia (Mazur, 1953). Remember, these gestures are involuntary: these people may find themselves interrupting an otherwise pleasant conversation by showing off their middle fingers.
The Neurologic Disorders in Film
Published in Eelco F. M. Wijdicks, Neurocinema—The Sequel, 2022
George Gilles de la Tourette’s first patient with the characteristic behavioral disturbances was Countess Picot de Dampierre, who was known for her involuntary verbal outbursts, coprolalia, in salons frequented by the 19th-century Parisian aristocracy. Within her family, she was perceived to have a comic, caustic personality, not unusual in this society, and she remained socially integrated despite additional extraordinary contortions and grimaces.135 Not long ago, Tourette’s was seen as a psychiatric disorder (“acute nervous and convulsive disease”) and treated with psychotherapy. It is now a reasonably treatable medical disorder.136 Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome is rare (worldwide prevalence of 1%), and one would expect that the strange vocalizations such as sniffing, throat clearing, snorting, and tics with twitching and head nodding would interest filmmakers writing comedies. Several fiction films have used this syndrome and other tics and are successful. Obscenities in cinema are shown as coprolalia or copropraxia but, in reality, these manifestations are uncommon (25 % and 5%).
Diagnosing Tourette syndrome
Published in Carlotta Zanaboni Dina, Mauro Porta, James F. Leckman, Understanding Tourette Syndrome, 2019
Carlotta Zanaboni Dina, Mauro Porta
The following are definitions of the most complex tics that a TS person may have: Coprolalia: repetition of obscene word/s or sentences, they must be out of context.Copropraxia: repetition of obscene movements, they must be out of context.Echolalia: repetition of someone else’s word/s, they must be out of context.Echopraxia: repetition of someone else’s movements, they must be out of context.Palilalia: repetition of one’s own utterance/s, they must be out of context.Handwriting tics: paligraphia i.e. writing again and again the same letter/word/sentence (for instance “today today today is a sunny day d d d d”), outlining each letter multiple times (Figure 3.4), and pulling the pen back while writing (Zanaboni Dina et al, 2016). Walking tics (see Figure 3.4): leg tics while walking (for instance to lift a leg or to drag feet while walking or to take a step forward and two back).Non-Obscene Socially Inappropriate behaviours (NOSI): inappropriate behaviours or tics (e.g. shouting out “bomb” in an airport). They are related to the impulsivity of the TS sufferer and they could have serious social consequences.Stuttering: speech with involuntary disruptions such as repetitions of sounds/syllables/words, or prolongation of sounds, or interruptions of speech.Change in the tone of voice: it manifests randomly, not only in relation to emotional changes.
Evidence-based treatment of Tourette’s disorder and chronic tic disorders
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2019
Joey Ka-Yee Essoe, Marco A. Grados, Harvey S. Singer, Nicholas S. Myers, Joseph F. McGuire
Chronic Tic Disorders and Tourette’s Disorder (collectively referred to as TD henceforth) affect many children and adolescents, but prevalence estimates vary widely (0.03–5.26%) [5]. For instance, Scahill, Sukhodolsky, Williams, and Leckman [6] reported 1–2% of children are affected by TD, whereas Knight and colleagues [7] suggested that TD affects less than 1% of children. Meta-analytic investigations and expert reviews suggest the actual prevalence of TD is likely between 0.3–0.9% in children and adolescents [5,8]. For youth with TD, tics typically emerge between ages 4 and 8, and often begin with simple motor tics. Tics often progress in type and complexity to include simple vocal tics, and complex motor and vocal tics [9]. While most recognizable and socially stigmatizing, coprolalia (obscene language) and copropraxia (obscene gestures) only occurred in up to 20% of individuals with TD [10,11]. Patients with TD report that tics peak in severity during early adolescent years (around 10.5 years old), but often diminish in the late adolescence or early adulthood [12,13]. While tics are the overt behavioral characteristic of TD, many individuals with TD also report experiencing internal unpleasant sensory phenomena called premonitory urges (up to 92% of adults, and 79% of children [14–16]). Premonitory urges precede tics and are transiently reduced by the performance of tics [16,17]. The pattern of urge-relief plays an important role in the neurobehavioral treatment model of tics discussed later.