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Trauma of the Brain and Spinal Cord
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Fernando D. Goldenberg, Ali Mansour
Closed head injury can induce a variety of pathologies. Those include extra-axial pathologies like skull fracture, subdural hematoma (SDH), epidural hematoma (EDH), or subarachnoid hemorrhage, as well as intra-axial pathologies like brain contusion or hemorrhage, intraventricular hemorrhage, and diffuse axonal injury (DAI).
Faked Amnesia and Loss of Memory
Published in Harold V. Hall, Joseph G. Poirier, Detecting Malingering and Deception, 2020
Harold V. Hall, Joseph G. Poirier
Even in cases of mild closed head injury, with no loss of consciousness and normal radiological and neurological tests, memory deficits may be apparent in everyday functioning. Misplaced keys, lost charge cards, the reason for walking into another room at home, and appointments and commitments are sometimes forgotten if not written down, despite adequate motivation to carry through the intended task. New learning and long-term memory are minimally required on the standard psychological examination. Those suffering from mild cognitive dysfunction often perform in the average or higher range of intellectual functioning on standard intelligence tests.
Traumatic brain injury
Published in Professor Sir Norman Williams, Professor P. Ronan O’Connell, Professor Andrew W. McCaskie, Bailey & Love's Short Practice of Surgery, 2018
Professor Sir Norman Williams, Professor P. Ronan O’Connell, Professor Andrew W. McCaskie
Concussion is defined as alteration of consciousness as a result of closed head injury, but is generally used in describing mild head injury without imaging abnormalities; loss of consciousness (LOC) at the time of injury is not a prerequisite. Key features include confusion and amnesia. The patient may be lethargic, easily distractable, forgetful, slow to interact or emotionally labile. Gait disturbance and incoordination may be seen. It is claimed that while symptomatic following a head injury, patients may be especially vulnerable to repeat impacts. It is proposed that in the context of disordered cerebral autoregulation, a second minor injury may trigger a form of malignant cerebral oedema refractory to treatment. Although the existence of the syndrome is disputed, and it is certainly rare, it should be considered in advice to individuals engaged in sports or activities carrying a risk of further injury: symptomatic players should not return to play.
Cognitive and physical impairment in spinal cord injury: A scoping review and call for new understanding
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2023
Lana Sargent, Jonice Smitherman, Matthew Sorenson, Roy Brown, Angela Starkweather
Moreover, the incidence of head injury was a significant factor in 4 other studies that assessed cognitive impairment in patients with SCI.30,33–35 Traumatic SCI is accompanied by a moderate to severe head injury in significant numbers of patients with SCI. One study found that 41% of SCI individuals who acquired their SCI from a traumatic event had cognitive impairment.30 In another study, 57% of participants had abnormal Halstead Category Test (HCT) scores suggestive of cognitive impairment.35 However, this study found that premorbid factors, such as socioeconomic group or drug dependency, may have influenced the performance of patients on the HCT. Another study also found that the prevalence of cognitive impairment was reflected in the high incidence of closed-head injury and recent history of alcohol and/or substance abuse.31
Moral reasoning and decision-making in adolescents who sustain traumatic brain injury
Published in Brain Injury, 2019
M.H. Beauchamp, E Vera-Estay, F Morasse, V. Anderson, J. Dooley
Participants were 43 adolescents aged 11 to 18 years (M = 14.7, SD = 2.1 years, 27 males) with varying levels of TBI severity. They were recruited retrospectively based on admission to two urban pediatric emergency departments and pediatric rehabilitation centers using the following criteria: (i) age at injury 11.0–18.0 years, (ii) documented evidence of a closed head injury and (iii) at least 6 months post-injury at the time of recruitment. Exclusion criteria were (i) documented history of previous TBI; (ii) non-accidental injury; and (iii) evidence of a documented pre-existing neurological, psychiatric or developmental disorder. Participants with TBI were divided into injury severity groups according to the Mayo Classification System (51): 20 (46.5%) participants were classified as mild (probable) and 23 (53.5%) as moderate/severe TBI (msTBI).
EFFECT OF PROGESTRONE IN PATIENTS WITH SEVERE TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY
Published in Alexandria Journal of Medicine, 2021
Amr Hassan Dahroug, Tayseer Mohamed Zaytoun, Mahmoud Salah Anwar Hussien
Traumatic brain injury(TBI) is a major public health concern, resulting in substantial mortality and long-term disability; it continues to be a major health epidemic, not just in terms of prevalence but also in terms of the deaths and injuries that occur in the population that they most commonly affect [1]. It is estimated that TBI accounts for 45–50% of all traumatic deaths and is the leading cause of death among trauma victims [2].Head injury is divided into blunt and penetrating types; road traffic injuries are the most common cause of closed-head injury worldwide. These include injuries to drivers of cars, pedestrians, motorcyclists, and bicyclists [3]. Falls are the second most common cause of injury, while gunshot injuries are the main cause of penetrating head injury [3].