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Brain Motor Centers and Pathways
Published in Nassir H. Sabah, Neuromuscular Fundamentals, 2020
The medial part of the cerebellar cortex is the vermis, whereas the lateral parts are the cerebellar hemispheres. These are very prominent in apes and humans and can be divided into two parts, based on their connections to the cerebellar nuclei: an intermediate zone, or pars intermedia, next to the vermis, and a lateral zone, or pars lateralis.
Anatomy for neurotrauma
Published in Hemanshu Prabhakar, Charu Mahajan, Indu Kapoor, Essentials of Anesthesia for Neurotrauma, 2018
Vasudha Singhal, Sarabpreet Singh
The cerebellum is divided into two cerebellar hemispheres connected by a narrow midline vermis. The surface is divided by numerous curved transverse fissures or folia, giving it a laminated appearance. Although being only 10% of the total weight of the total brain volume, it contains 3.6 times as many neurons as in the cortex due to the folded pattern in the cerebellar gray matter. The white matter of the cerebellum is largely made of myelinated nerve fibers to and from the cortex, and is referred to as arbor vitae, due to its branched, tree-like appearance in cross-section. Embedded within the white matter, are four deep gray matter nuclei—dentate, globose, emboliform, and fastigial, which are the main sources of output from the cerebellum.
Neurology: peripheral nerves
Published in Shahed Yousaf, Medical Examination Made Memorable (MEMM), 2018
Coordination is dependent on the cerebellum. The cerebellum is divided into midline vermis and lateral cerebellar hemispheres. The vermis helps maintain posture, the trunk and gait. The cerebellar hemispheres control limb movement on the ipsilateral side. SeeCerebellar disorders, p. 168.
Cortical and cerebellar structural correlates of cognitive-motor integration performance in females with and without persistent concussion symptoms
Published in Brain Injury, 2023
Johanna M. Hurtubise, Diana J. Gorbet, Loriann Hynes, Alison K. Macpherson, Lauren E. Sergio
Lobules VIIIa and VIIIb are located in the inferior posterior cerebellum and are considered part of the cortico-cerebellar motor loop (69,70). It has been suggested that there are two motor representations of the body in the cerebellum, the first located in the anterior lobe, and the second in lobule VIII (71–73). Imaging studies have found that lobule VIII is functionally connected to sensory and motor cortical areas, including the primary motor cortex (M1), primary somatosensory cortex (S1), and the premotor cortex (PMC) (71,74). In addition, activation of both VIIIa and VIIIb has been found during basic sensorimotor tasks and, in particular, hand-reaching tasks (69,71). Anatomically, the posterior lobe of the cerebellum receives fibers from the cortical association areas, including prefrontal (PFC) and posterior parietal cortex (PPC) (72). Specifically, it is the lateral cerebellar hemisphere which is reciprocally and indirectly connected to the cortex, with inputs mostly from the parietal lobe, and outputs terminating in PMC and M1 (66). The majority of these cerebro-cerebellar pathways are contralateral; however, 10–30% of these projections are ipsilateral. As such, the right cerebellar hemisphere is associated with language, while the left is associated with visuospatial performance (69,72). This may explain our findings, in which only the left, and not the right, lobules VIIIa and VIIIb demonstrated differences between groups.
Mechanisms of COVID-19-induced cerebellitis
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2022
Mohammad Banazadeh, Sepehr Olangian-Tehrani, Melika Sharifi, Mohammadreza Malek-Ahmadi, Farhad Nikzad, Nooria Doozandeh-Nargesi, Alireza Mohammadi, Gary J. Stephens, Mohammad Shabani
Some COVID-19 patients show evidence of cerebellar infarction and lesions32; for example, MRI examination in a study on patients with acute ischemic stroke and COVID-19 showed acute infarcts in the right cerebellar hemisphere and acute left posterior inferior cerebellar artery territory infarction with petechial hemorrhage33. Moreover, in MRI of a patient with COVID-19, T2 lesions were seen in the right cerebellum34. In other studies, MRIs of axial T2 showed irregular signal changes in the cerebellar vermis and left cerebellar hemisphere due to posterior circulation infarctions35. In one study, injuries to the left cerebellar hemisphere were confirmed by MRI36. This study demonstrated acute and subacute infarcts using susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI), an MRI procedure exquisitely sensitive to venous blood, hemorrhage, and iron storage. The same study confirmed multiple microhemorrhages in the left cerebellar hemisphere36. Moreover, brain MRI using gadolinium showed multiple acute ischemic infarctions in the regions of the left posterior inferior cerebellar artery, involving the left cerebellar hemisphere and the cerebellar vermis35.
Compound heterozygous KCTD7 variants in progressive myoclonus epilepsy
Published in Journal of Neurogenetics, 2021
Elizabeth A. Burke, Morgan Sturgeon, Diane B. Zastrow, Liliana Fernandez, Cameron Prybol, Shruti Marwaha, Edward P. Frothingham, Patricia A. Ward, Christine M. Eng, Laure Fresard, Stephen B. Montgomery, Gregory M. Enns, Paul G. Fisher, Lynne A. Wolfe, Brian Harding, Blake Carrington, Kevin Bishop, Raman Sood, Yan Huang, Abdel Elkahloun, Camilo Toro, Alexander G. Bassuk, Matthew T. Wheeler, Thomas C. Markello, William A. Gahl, May Christine V. Malicdan
Post-mortem brain pathology revealed a normal cerebrum, hippocampus, basal ganglia, midbrain, and pons. Subtle changes were observed in the cerebellar hemispheres and vermis with scattered loss of Purkinje cells and Bergmann gliosis. The medullar gracile and cuneate tracts as well as the posterior columns of the cervical cord showed axonal swellings. The most notable finding was in the thalamus, which showed bilateral, severe neuronal depletion and gliosis in the mediodorsal and lateral complex, sufficient to account for the biconcave atrophic outline of the thalamic complex. However, the lateral geniculate, centromedian and reticular nuclei appeared to be spared. Sequential MRI images over the course of 8 years demonstrated that the atrophy of the thalamus occurred in a progressive manner (Figure 1(C)).