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Multiple Sclerosis
Published in Irun R. Cohen, Perspectives on Autoimmunity, 2020
Histologic evaluation of MS lesions has led successive investigators, starting with Adams and Kubik145a in 1952, to recognize MS as part of a family of demyelinative diseases.10,11,13,14 As noted in the introduction, these include acute disseminated perivenous encephalomyelitis, acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis, acute MS, and neuromyelitis optica; chronic MS, Balo’s concentric sclerosis, and perhaps some forms of diffuse sclerosis; and a matching group of conditions affecting the PNS. The differences among members of this family depend on differences of distribution, intensity, and chronicity, and these differences in turn are strikingly influenced by genetic determinants.
The effect of 1, 25(OH)2 D3 (calcitriol) alone and in combination with all-trans retinoic acid on ROR-γt, IL-17, TGF-β, and FOXP3 gene expression in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2018
Karim Parastouei, Abbas Mirshafiey, Mohammad Reza Eshraghian, Mohammad Reza Shiri-Shahsavar, Farid Solaymani-Mohammadi, Reza Chahardoli, Ehsan Alvandi, Ali Akbar Saboor-Yaraghi
Our study demonstrated that preventive treatment with combination of half doses of calcitriol and ATRA provides better outcomes compared to individually administered full doses in EAE-induced female mice. In this report, we found the in vivo inhibitory effects of combination treatment of ATRA and calcitriol on the mRNA expression of IL-17, ROR-γt, and stimulatory effects on the mRNA expression of TGF-β and FOXP3 in splenocytes from EAE female mice. The results of this study can be generalized to female mice and to understand the impact of such interventions on male mice, further studies need to be done. In this study, the doses were selected based on previous studies. However, studies on the higher or lower doses than were used in the present study are necessary to achieve more assertive results. Perhaps if in the present study, the doses of calcitriol and ATRA alone and in combination were equal, some results could be better interpreted. However, this survey is a preliminary study. Other mechanisms may also be involved in the synergistic benefits of this combination, and these remain to be clarified. In conclusion, this nutraceutical approach may be promising for the treatment and/or prevention of MS and perhaps other inflammatory demyelination diseases, such as Devic's disease, chronic relapsing inflammatory optic neuritis, ADEM, and Balo concentric sclerosis.
Tumefactive demyelination: updated perspectives on diagnosis and management
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2021
Pedro Sánchez, Fiona Chan, Todd A. Hardy
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the main underlying cause of TDLs but they can be encountered in a heterogeneous group of neuroinflammatory disorders, including neuromyelitis optica spectrums disorders (NMOSD), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated disorders, acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis (ADEM), acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis, as well as in the so-called rare variants of MS (Balo’s concentric sclerosis, Marburg’s MS and Schilder’s disease) [3]. Although infrequent, they can also present in the context of systemic autoimmune diseases with central nervous system involvement (systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren’s syndrome, sarcoidosis or Behçet’s disease), or as part of paraneoplastic demyelinating syndromes [4–8].
Imaging of infectious and inflammatory cystic lesions of the brain, a narrative review
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2023
Anna Cervantes-Arslanian, Hector H Garcia, Otto Rapalino
A severe rapidly progressive form of multiple sclerosis, known as the Marburg variant, is characterized by extensive and fulminant acute demyelination. Imaging demonstrates extensive confluent areas of tumefactive demyelination with mass effect and sometimes numerous smaller demyelinating lesions. In rare cases, the multiple lesions can be cystic with open ring enhancement [53]. Similar to the Marburg variant, Balo’s concentric sclerosis is a rare form of MS with rapid progression [54]. MR imaging typically depicts ‘onion bulb sign’ due to alternating bands of T1 hypo-intense and iso-intense layers positioned concentrically which sometimes may have a cystic appearance [55,56].