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Prevalence and Risk Factors
Published in Jennifer Doley, Mary J. Marian, Adult Malnutrition, 2023
The more traditional term “demographics” may be better described as social determinants of health (SDOH). The World Health Organization (WHO) defines SDOH as “the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age. These circumstances are shaped by the distribution of money, power and resources at global, national and local levels”.72 Social determinants of health include factors such as income, education and housing, among many others. Social determinants of health play a significant role in an individual’s access to quality healthcare and healthy food, as well as health behaviors.73 The following sections review select SDOH (and factors that impact SDOH) which can affect the prevalence and risk of malnutrition.
Public Health and Viruses
Published in Patricia G. Melloy, Viruses and Society, 2023
Social determinants of health include all the factors in a person’s environment that can affect his or her health. These factors include economic status, occupation, educational background, housing situation, access to healthcare providers and facilities, and other aspects of community such as support from friends and family (ODPHP 2022). The Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, a part of the Department of Health and Human Services in the U.S. government, has launched the Healthy People 2030 initiative to reduce health disparities arising from differences in social environment. For example, disparities in access to healthy foods, good healthcare providers, clean water and air, and other factors can contribute to different health outcomes (ODPHP 2022). People of color are more likely to experience health inequities linked to differences in these social determinants (CDC 2022f).
Race and racism in public health
Published in Sridhar Venkatapuram, Alex Broadbent, The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Public Health, 2023
Purdue University’s Department of Public Health makes the following statement: Racism is a public health crisis. The Department of Public Health recognizes and is committed to responding to the devastating harms that racism, injustice, discrimination, colonialism, and police violence have on the safety and health of Black Americans and other communities of color. Social determinants of health, including racism-propelled adverse socioeconomic conditions, are key drivers of health disparities. The disproportionate burden of COVID-19 on Black and Latinx communities is just the latest example of how structural and systemic racism leads to devastating health outcomes.Health is a fundamental human right for all people. Our department commits to upholding this right, applying rigorous science and de- signing evidence-based solutions to dismantle oppressive policies and systems that lead to racial disparities in health, and training future generations of diverse, inclusive, and anti-racist Public Health leaders.(Purdue University Department of Public Health n.d.)
Thriving in three Northwestern Ontario communities
Published in International Journal of Mental Health, 2023
Elaine Toombs, Christopher J. Mushquash, Scott Leon, Kwame McKenzie
Addressing upstream social determinants of health have been effective to promoting broader community health and reducing health inequalities. Efforts to promote the social determinants of health have resulted in interventions that target education, early childhood development, employment, housing, and community development (Thornton et al., 2016). Given the complexity and influence of these social factors on public health outcomes, policies in these domains are increasingly being recognized as health policies (Adler et al., 2017). Further public health policies have resulted in clean drinking water, efficient sewage management, and an increase in public vaccination rates. Through such global efforts, rates of communicable health disease health outcomes continue to decline, and long-term global projections until 2060 suggest this trend will continue (Hughes et al., 2011). Within Canada, the average life expectancy for the general population has grown from 57.1 years (in 1921; Decady & Greenberg, 2014) to 81.7 in 2015 (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2017). The current threshold for “highest attainable standard of health” described by WHO (2005) may move toward adoption of recommendations that emphasize all aspects of wellbeing rather than singular disease reduction efforts given the relative success of prevention efforts. Notably, overall wellbeing is also related to disease processes at the individual-level so health promotion requires balance in intervention targeting by addressing proximal and distal components of health.
Using CBPR Principles with CHWs to Translate an English to Spanish Language CHW COVID-19 & Health Inequities Project ECHO within South Texas
Published in Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 2023
Eduardo Gandara, Pamela Recto, Jose Zapata, Andrea Moreno-Vasquez, Annette Zavala Idar, Martha Castilla, Ludivina Hernández, Melissa Flores, Juana Escareño, Cynthia Castillo, Vicky Morales, Hazel Medellin, Bonifacio Vega, Brenda Hoffman, Mayra González, Janna Lesser
Between June 2020 and December 2020, an ST-AHEC COVID-19 workgroup team which was comprised mainly of CHWs representing each ST-AHEC, met weekly, for an hour and a half, to brainstorm and discuss topics that they knew would be important to include in the COVID-19 ECHO Program. These topics were centered around feedback that the CHWs themselves heard from community members. It is important to note that the COVID-19 Project ECHO was based upon the principles of CBPR which included: recognizing the community as a unit of identity, building on the strengths and resources within the community, facilitating collaborative partnerships in all phases of the project, promoting co-learning and empowering processes that attend to social inequalities, addressing health from both positive and ecological perspectives, and disseminating findings and knowledge gained to all partners (Wallerstein et al., 2018). As a result, the CHW-led team decided to include four domains as part of the CHW COVID-19 Project ECHO program: 1) Introduction to COVID-19, 2) Social Determinants of Health and Health Disparities, 3) Behavioral and Mental Health, and 4) Self-care.
Upstreaming occupational therapy: reflections on sustaining contextual relevance in a globalising world
Published in World Federation of Occupational Therapists Bulletin, 2021
Madeleine Duncan, Kit Sinclair, Jennifer Creek
In this paper, we propose that occupational therapy is facing a paradigm crisis precipitated by rapid global social change and that upstreaming occupational therapy is a potentially effective strategy for ensuring a socially responsive profession that strives to serve the occupational needs of local populations. We recommend two actions that may be taken towards advancing appropriate responses by the profession to the current paradigm crisis. The first action addresses 15 dimensions of occupational therapy that require continuous adjustments to promote contextual relevance. The second action points back to the basics of the profession’s ontology, epistemology, axiology and methodology, with recommendations for future actions aligned to the needs of people affected by a world in perpetual flux. We argue for extending the role of the profession beyond ill, diseased or disordered individuals towards building socially inclusive communities, with a particular focus on mitigating the social determinants of health that impact human occupation. Social determinants of health are conditions in the environments in which people are born, live, learn, work, play, worship and age that affect a wide range of health, functioning and quality of life outcomes (Bloom et al., 2018).