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Biogeneration of Volatile Organic Compounds in Microalgae-Based Systems
Published in Gokare A. Ravishankar, Ranga Rao Ambati, Handbook of Algal Technologies and Phytochemicals, 2019
Pricila Nass Pinheiro, Karem Rodrigues Vieira, Andriéli Borges Santos, Eduardo Jacob-Lopes, Leila Queiroz Zepka
Microalgae fatty acid derivatives as aldehydes are the most prevalent volatile organic compounds, due to their low odor threshold values (Santos et al. 2016b). The fatty acid synthesis starts from the acetyl-CoA and the extender malonyl-CoA through a cyclic series of reactions catalyzed by fatty acid synthases, aldehydes are derivatives by the conversion of fatty acids by a lipoxygenase. Compounds such as 2,4-decadienal and 2,4,7-decatrienal are derived from the lipoxygenase/hydroperoxid lyase dependent degradation of arachidonic or eicosapentaenoic acid, however, the fatty acids linoleic or linolenic acid are a precursor of aldehydes such as nonanal, hexanal, and 2-pentanal, as well as alcohol hexanol (Adolph et al. 2003; Yu et al. 2014; Santos et al. 2016b; Jerković et al. 2018).
Catalog of Herbs
Published in James A. Duke, Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2018
Tender shoots of alfalfa are reported to contain, per 100 g. 52 calories, 82.7% moisture, 6 g protein, 0.4 g fat, 9.5 g total carbohydrate, 3.1 g fiber, 1.4 g ash, 12 mg Ca. 51 mg P, 5.4 mg Fe, 3410 IU vitamin A, 0.13 mg thiamine, 0.14 mg riboflavin, 0.5 mg niacin, and 162 mg ascorbic acid. Green forage of M. sativa is reported to contain, per 100 g 80.0% moisture, 5.2 g protein, 0.9 g fat, 3.5 g fiber, and 2.4 g ash. Silages contain, per 100 g, 69.5% moisture, 5.7 g protein, 1.0 g fat, 8.8 g fiber, and 2.4 ash Alfalfa whole meal and leaf meal are reported to contain, per 100 g, 66 and 77 calories, 7.5 and 8.0% moisture, 16.0 and 20.4 g protein. 2 5 and 2.6 g fat, 27.3 and 17.1 g fiber, 9.1 and 11.5 g ash. respectively. Many other details will be found in the references.293340 The “betaine fraction” of alfalfa contains: 0.785% stachydnne, 0.063% choline, 0.0069 trimethylamine, and 0.00527c betaine. The following purines have been identified: adenine, guanine, xanthine, and hy-poxanthine; the pnmidine, isocytosine; and the ribosides adenosine, guanosine, inosine. and cytidine. These factors stimulate the growth of Bacillus subtilis. The three most abundant compounds in alfalfa juice were adenine (0.17%). adenosine (0.25%), and guanosine (0.367c) One study cites 5.1 g arginine/16 g N; 3.1 g cystine and methionine. 1.5 g histidine. 4.6 g isoleucine, 7.2 g leucine, 5.6 g lysine, 4.6 g phenylalanine, 4.1 g threonine, 1.5 g tryptophane, and 4.6 g valine for alfalfa hay. Alfalfa is a valuable source of vitamins A and E; it contains beta-carotene 6.24, thiamine 0.15, riboflavin 0.46, niacin 1 81, and alpha-tocopherol, 15.23 mg/100 g; pantothenic acid, biotin, folic acid, choline, inositol, pyridox-ine, vitamin B12, and vitamin K are also present. One report gives total crude lipids as 5 27r of total dry weight, with 117r fatty acids, 10% digalactolipids, 16% monogalactolipids, 87c phospholipids, 44% neutral lipids, and 12% others. In the chloroplasts. linoleic, linolenic, and palmitic acids are the predominant acids, whereas stearic and oleic are low. The triglyceride fraction of alfalfa meal contains 16.9% linoleic acid 32.2% linolenic acid, 31.0% oleic acid, and 19.97c saturated fatty acids. The phospholipid fraction (0.247c dry alfalfa meal) contained 35.27c linolenic acid, 36.87c oleic acid, 14.77c linoleic acid and 13.37c saturated acids. Good alfalfa hay contains 138 to 198 mg choline per 100 g hay. Alfalfa meal contains 21 mg A-spinasterol/100 g. Five xanthophylls comprise 997c of the xanthophyll fraction of fresh alfalfa, viz, 407c lutein, 347c violaxanthin, 197c neoxanthin, 47c cryptox-anthin, and 2% zeaxanthin. Alfalfa volátiles include acetone, butanone, propanal, pentanal, 2-methyl-propanal, and 3-methylbutanal.40 Alfalfa honey gave the following average values, water 16.56, invert sugar 76.90, sucrose 4.42, dextrin 0.34, protein 0.11, acid (as formic) 0.08, and ash 0,077c. Alfalfa seeds contained: moisture 11.7, protein 33.2, fat 10.6, N-free extract 32.0, fiber 8.1, and mineral matter 4.4%>.
Cancer breath testing: a patent review
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2018
K. M. Mohibul Kabir, William A. Donald
In US 9638695 B2 [54] by Fu et al., it was demonstrated that the same four VOCs (i.e. 2-butanone, 2-hydroxyacetaldehyde, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, and 4-hydroxyhexenal) can be found at an elevated level in the breath samples of lung cancer patients compared to the samples obtained from healthy controls in a test population size of 107 lung cancer patients with various stages of cancers and histologies, 40 benign nodules patients, and 88 healthy controls (Table 4). A sensitivity of 89.8% and a specificity of 81.3% were obtained using the rule that at least two of the four VOCs in elevated concentrations may indicate lung cancer. Interestingly, 2-butanone was found to have significantly higher concentrations for patients in stage 1 lung cancer than patients with benign nodules and healthy controls but was in lower concentrations in those with stage 1 than those in stages 3 and 4. This indicates that the carbonyl containing VOCs may be useful to identify lung cancer at an early stage of disease progression. Furthermore, squamous cell carcinoma patients had significantly higher concentrations of 4-hydroxyhexenal than the adenocarcinoma patients for a test population of 33 adenocarcinoma patients, 32 squamous cell carcinoma patients, and 15 patients having either both adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas or having indistinguishable adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas. Moreover, 4-hydroxyhexenal and a mixture of 2-pentanone and pentanal were found in elevated level in the breath samples of small-cell lung cancer patients (9) when compared with that of 88 non-small cell lung cancer patients.
Review of data on chemical content in an aerosol resulting from heating a tobacco or a solution used in e-cigarettes and in the smoke generated from the reference cigarettes
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2021
Mateusz Szparaga, Radosław Świercz, Maciej Stępnik
Other marked compounds, such as: acrolein, propionaldehyde, butanal (butanaldehyde), valeraldehyde (pentanal), o-methylbenzaldehyde, m-methylbenzaldehyde, isovaleraldehyde and benzaldehyde, the maximum concentration in the EC aerosol was 36,000, 27,000, 14,945, 949, 676.2, 89.52, 44.76, and 43.1 ng/L (Uchiyama et al. 2013; Goniewicz et al. 2014; Kosmider et al. 2014; Klager et al. 2017; Ogunwale et al. 2017), respectively. The concentration in the EC aerosol for propionaldehyde, acrolein and butanal depended on the power of the device. Only in the case of butanal, clear differences in the EC aerosol concentrations related to the solvent used (VG and/or PG) were shown (Kosmider et al. 2014).