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Sensory-Specific Satiety and Nutrition
Published in Alan R. Hirsch, Nutrition and Sensation, 2023
Beverages, like black tea, a liquid carbohydrate, tend to have very low effects on sensory-specific satiety compared to their solid equivalents (Chung and Vickers 2007; Pan and Hu 2011). Possibly this is due to the quick intraoral transit time and therefore relatively little retronasal olfactory stimulation. Prolonging oropharangeal transit time may thus enhance sensory-specific satiety of a beverage. This was shown with small versus large sips of orangeade (Weijzen, Smeets, and deGraaf 2009). The small sip size caused a prolonged orosensory exposure and greater sensory-specific satiety with reduced desire to drink. Thus, substances with prolonged orosensory stimulation should have a greater effect on sensory-specific satiety. An example of such would be a noningested orosensory stimulator—like gum. Lavin had shown that chewing sucrose-containing pastilles for ten minutes reduced intake by 10%, and thus was a small leap to progress to the question of the effect of chewing gum on sensory-specific satiety (Lavin, French, Ruxton, and Read 2002). Heatherton examined this exact model (Hetherington and Boyland 2007). She found that chewing aspartame or sugar-sweetened gum reduced energy intake by 36 calories and there was a reduced desire to eat sweet snacks, posited to be due to sensory-specific satiety. Such effect of gum as a mediator of sensory-specific satiety was broadened to include a wide variety of sugar-free and specialty gums in children (Hirsch, Aiello, and Hirsch 2012; Hirsch, Soto, and Hirsch 2013a, 2013b), suggesting that such a mediator could have efficacy as a tool in weight management.
Choerospondias axillaris (Hog plum)
Published in Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Wild Plants, 2020
A pastille is a type of candy made of a thick liquid that has been solidified and is meant to be consumed by light chewing and allowing it to dissolve in the mouth. In China, the fruits of C. axillaris are used for production of pastilles. The texture properties (hardness, chewiness, gumminess, stickiness, and springiness) of C. axillaris pastilles gradually increased with the decrease of moisture content (Wu 2012).
Drug Therapy in Laryngology and Head and Neck Surgery
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Louise Jayne Clark, Adam J Donne, R James A England, Hisham M Mehanna, Gerald William McGarry, Sean Carrie, Basic Sciences Endocrine Surgery Rhinology, 2018
Lozenges and pastilles are both used to deliver medicaments for local effect, either to soothe or treat infections. Lozenges consist of medicaments incorporated into a flavoured base that dissolves or disintegrates slowly in the mouth. They are prepared either by moulding and cutting or by compression. Colours, flavours and sweetening agents may be incorporated. Heavy compression is used to ensure slow disintegration in the mouth.
Daily auricular stimulation with capsaicin ointment improved cough reflex sensitivity in elderly patients with dysphagia: a pilot study
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2020
Hiroki Ohnishi, Osamu Jinnouchi, Seiji Agawa, Eiji Kondo, Ikuji Kawata, Hidehiko Okamoto, Takahiro Azuma, Go Sato, Yoshiaki Kitamura, Koji Abe, Noriaki Takeda
Capsaicin initially stimulates the unmyelinated sensory nerves in the pharyngolaryngeal mucosa to induce coughing through TRPV1 [7]. But, chronic exposure to high-doses of capsaicin causes long-term functional impairment of the sensory nerves through desensitization of TRPV1 and depletion of neuropeptides, such as substance P (SP), which is called capsaicin defunctionalization [18]. Thus, repeated auricular stimulation with capsaicin might induce capsaicin defunctionalization, resulting in decreased improvement of the cough reflex sensitivity that is induced through the capsaicin-TRPV1-mediated Arnold’s ear-cough reflex. However, it is unlikely, as in the present study, repeated applications of capsaicin ointment at a low dose (0.025%) in each external auditory canal alternately once a day up until 2 weeks continued to improve the cough reflex sensitivity in elderly patients with dysphagia. It was reported that pharyngeal stimulation with pastille containing capsaicin improved the cough reflex sensitivity in the elderly, suggesting that daily capsaicin pastille supplementation reduces a risk of pneumonia [19]. However, the oral administration of the capsaicin pastille might increase a risk of aspiration conversely.
Incidence and spectrum of yeast species isolated from the oral cavity of Iranian patients suffering from hematological malignancies
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2019
Amir Arastehfar, Farnaz Daneshnia, Shirin Farahyar, Wenjie Fang, Maryam Salimi, Mohammadreza Salehi, Ferry Hagen, Pan Weihua, Maryam Roudbary, Teun Boekhout
Approximately 30% of our patients were successfully treated with nystatin and the remaining required combination of 150 mg of FLZ + topical nystatin, which indicates insufficient efficiency of this drug for clearance of OC. Interestingly, we observed a significant correlation between previous occurrence of OC and the requirement of more than one period of FLZ + nystatin treatment and nystatin therapeutic failure. Some studies showed a superiority of nystatin pastilles or pastille and suspension over nystatin alone, whilst the adverse side effects on the gastrointestinal tract, unpleasant taste, use of high doses and extended time of prescriptions are the drawbacks of nystatin formulations [51]. On the contrary, other studies have shown a similar efficacy of nystatin to that of placebo and an inferiority to FLZ when used in severe immunodeficient patients [52]. Although, we did not test nystatin in our antifungal susceptibility panel, other studies have shown high MIC values for topical agents [48] and recommended the use of systemic antifungal drugs, such as FLZ [5,53]. Moreover, randomized, double-blind clinical trials have shown a higher efficacy of FLZ and MCF when they were used in HIV-positive patients suffering from OC [8,54]. In agreement with other studies that showed a superiority of a single dose of 750 mg of FLZ rather than two-week-long 150 mg FLZ therapy in HIV-positive individuals [8], we found that almost 70% of patients treated with 150 mg FLZ and topical nystatin therapy showed OC relapse on more than one occasion. Adopting such a single high dose of FLZ regimen instead of a standard two-week long FLZ therapy of 150 mg, might result in lower risk of development of FLZ-resistant isolates stemming from a more extensive exposure time [55]. In case of FLZ-refractory cases, utilization of other azole agents, including PSZ, VRZ, ITZ [5], and micafungin [19] have been recommended [5]. This is in line with our findings that ITZ, VRZ, and PSZ showed the lowest geometric mean values and FLZ the highest. Nowadays, due to the expanding spectrum of yeast species in clinical settings that are possibly less responsive to azoles, it might be useful to implement such a therapeutic regimen of systemic antifungals for patients suffering from OC.