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Orders Norzivirales and Timlovirales
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
Recently, Bhushan et al. (2018) proposed S-allylhomocysteine as an unnatural genetically encodable methionine analog for the Qβ VLPs. This analog is processed by translational cellular machinery and is also a privileged olefin cross-metathesis reaction tag in proteins. It was used for efficient Met-codon reassignment in a Met-auxotrophic strain of E. coli.
Chimeric VLPs
Published in Paul Pumpens, Single-Stranded RNA Phages, 2020
Recently, Bhushan et al. (2018) proposed S-allylhomocysteine as an unnatural genetically encodable methionine analog for the Qβ VLPs. This analog is processed by translational cellular machinery and is also a privileged olefin cross-metathesis reaction tag in proteins. It was used for efficient Met-codon reassignment in a Met-auxotrophic strain of E. coli.
Next-generation viral nanoparticles for targeted delivery of therapeutics: Fundamentals, methods, biomedical applications, and challenges
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2023
Jia Sen Tan, Muhamad Norizwan Bin Jaffar Ali, Bee Koon Gan, Wen Siang Tan
For certain cargoes which are unable to transverse through VLPs, biodegradation or disassembly of VLPs allows the cargoes to be released directly inside a cell. This process is assisted by the proteolytic enzymes in endosomes, which rupture the VLPs and release the cargoes. Yildiz et al. [164] showed that CPMV VLP can selectively deliver DAPI into HeLa cells, in which upon internalization, the VLP was located inside the endosomal compartment where it was degraded and released the cargo. Biodegradation of VLPs is also exploited for the controlled release of covalently conjugated cargoes. This allows the immobilized cargoes remain stable during the delivery process, and they are only released once the VLPs are degraded upon exposure to proteolytic enzymes present in the intercellular spaces. Gan et al. [48] revealed that the HBc VLP covalently conjugated with 5-FA can be specifically targeted to cancerous cells overexpressing EGFR using the receptor’s CPP, in which the particle was hydrolyzed to release active 5-FU, and killed the cells. Additionally, VLP disassociation can be controlled by a physiological independent mechanism as demonstrated by Kelly et al. [226] who covalently conjugated Noborene, a ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) substrate, to lysine residues located on the surface of P22 VLP. Upon exposure to the ruthenium catalyst (AquaMet), the ROMP reaction was triggered, which generated sufficient energy to induce the disassembly of the P22 VLP, and the release of the encapsulated venom peptides.
3H-1,2-Benzoxaphosphepine 2-oxides as selective inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase IX and XII
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2023
Aleksandrs Pustenko, Anastasija Balašova, Alessio Nocentini, Claudiu T. Supuran, Raivis Žalubovskis
The synthetic strategy for the synthesis of 3H-1,2-benzoxaphosphepine 2-oxides is outlined in Scheme 1. The synthesis commenced with the Wittig reaction of commercially available 2-hydroxybenzaldehydes 1, which provided olefins 2 in high yields. In the following step, compounds 2 were treated with ethyl allylphosphonochloridate (3, the reagent was prepared according to the literature procedure23) to give diolefins 4 in good to excellent yields. These key intermediates 4 were successfully cyclised by ring-closing metathesis, utilising commercially accessible Ru-based catalyst 5. The reaction furnished corresponding cyclic ethyl phosphonates 6 in good yields. Finally, compounds 6 were treated with TMSBr to afford hydroxy derivatives 7 in very good yields.
English-Malay speech acquisition by children with Indian (Tamil) heritage
Published in Speech, Language and Hearing, 2022
Hui Woan Lim, Adriana Chee Jing Chieng
For Malay, the number of phonological patterns used by the multilingual Indian children in the present study i.e., 9 was consistent with the local studies of Malay and Chinese children (e.g., Badrulzaman et al., 1999; Lim, 2018) (Table 7). Some qualitative similarities and differences were also discerned in the types of phonological patterns used by the three populations of children. Structural simplifications (final consonant deletion) and systemic simplifications (fronting, consonant harmony, stopping, gliding, backing, affrication, /r/→/l/substitution) have all been reported in the local studies. However, medial affricate devoicing used by two children in the present study has not been reported in the local studies. On the other hand, metathesis and final /-Ɂ/ release reported in the local studies have not been discerned in the present study. Addition (final consonant) reported in the past studies was used by only one child in the present study.