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Application of biomechanics in martial art training
Published in Youlian Hong, Roger Bartlett, Routledge Handbook of Biomechanics and Human Movement Science, 2008
In Tae Kwon Do punches are of little interest since hand techniques almost surely do not score in the contemporary scoring system. As a consequence we did not find papers on Tae Kwon Do punching. Two Karate-related papers from the same research group Emmermacher et al., (2005) and Witte et al. (2005) are concerned with the straight fist punch. They report on the acceleration characteristic and the intramuscular coordination. Shahbazi et al. (2005) used two cameras to get the arm movements for tsuki techniques (straight fist punch). Depending on the different styles, beginning at the waist or midway to the target, they report velocities between 10 to 16 m/s. They used inverse dynamics to calculate force, energy, and power for the punching upper extremity.
Structural and functional brain changes related to acute and chronic exercise effects in children, adolescents and young adults
Published in Romain Meeusen, Sabine Schaefer, Phillip Tomporowski, Richard Bailey, Physical Activity and Educational Achievement, 2017
Claudia Voelcker-Rehage, Claudia Niemann, Lena Hübner
Most exercise paradigms utilized cardiovascular exercise, also referred to as aerobic or cardiorespiratory exercise, where highly automated movements like walking or cycling are performed. Fewer studies investigated other types of exercise, such as motor coordinative or resistance exercise (to our knowledge, so far, in children and young adults only studies using acute resistance exercise exist; cf. above). Similarly to cardiovascular fitness, resistance exercise (resistance training) affects metabolic and energetic processes and to some extent intramuscular coordination. Unlike metabolic exercise, motor coordination training comprises exercises for bilateral fine and gross motor body coordination, such as balance, eye–hand coordination and leg–arm coordination, as well as spatial orientation and reaction to moving objects/persons (Voelcker-Rehage, Godde, & Staudinger, 2011; Voelcker-Rehage, & Niemann, 2013). Coordination training induces less change in energy metabolism than cardiovascular and resistance exercise. Instead, coordinative movements require perceptual and higher-level cognitive processes, such as attention, that are essential for mapping sensation to action and ensuring anticipatory and adaptive aspects of coordination. Thus, changes induced by coordinative exercise are likely to be related to changes in information processing and cognitive tasks that demand, besides attention, the ability to handle visual and spatial information. By contrast, perceptual and higher-level cognitive processes are less relevant in highly automated movements like walking or cycling, as used in cardiovascular exercise. In this section, we will detail the differential effects of different types of exercise and fitness on brain and cognitive function.
Functional strength measurement in cerebral palsy: feasibility, test–retest reliability, and construct validity
Published in Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 2019
Wendy Aertssen, Ellen Smulders, Bouwien Smits-Engelsman, Eugene Rameckers
Looking at the values of the HHD and the FSM-CP, we see a reversed pattern. Here, we see higher scores on isometric strength items (only one was significant) in the GMFCS II group consisting of the older children. This emphasizes that functional strength and isometric strength are different constructs, which may have different developmental trajectories. In functional strength measures, force generation, regulation and timing of force are of importance. Furthermore, in the repetitive items (lateral step-up, sit-to-stand, lifting a box, stair climbing), inter- and intramuscular coordination is required when switching between agonist and antagonist contractions.12 Also, dynamic postural control was found to be related to activities where functional strength is needed.10