China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Achieving Better Results through Proper Instrumentation for Aesthetic Toxin Practice
Published in Yates Yen-Yu Chao, Optimizing Aesthetic Toxin Results, 2022
Similar to subdermal injection with normal saline, which is quite painful, the pain of toxin injection in tissue is not entirely related to skin puncture but also has to do with the tissue encountering the pharma solution. The pain of drug injection is closely related to the chemical irritancy and pH value of the drug being introduced. That is why a product reconstituted with preserved saline has long been noted to be less painful when the other conditions are kept the same. Sodium bicarbonate and lidocaine have been added to the toxin in reconstitution to decrease the pain of toxin injection without interference in treatment effect. Lactic ringer solution has been used for reconstitution with similar efficacy and less pain. However, clinical efficacy, diffusion profile, and longevity still need to be studied more for compatibility with botulinum toxin as prepared within the guidelines.
Experimental Studies of Amphetamine Self-Administration by Animals *
Published in John Caldwell, S. Joseph Mulé, Amphetamines and Related Stimulants: Chemical, Biological, Clinical, and Sociological Aspects, 2019
Other attempts to explain the inverse relationship between injection dose and response rate (and therefore the apparent regulation of drug intake) have been based on the behavior-disrupting and aversive effects of the drug. In the first case, drug injection disrupts the organism’s behavior, rendering it incapable of responding for a time proportional to the dose of drug injected. When sufficient drug has been metabolized to permit further responding, the first response results in a drug injection which again produces behavior-disrupting effects. Thus, only single responses are seen, with interresponse intervals that are dose dependent. In the second case, aversive effects are postulated to develop from too frequent drug injection. The duration of the aversive effect is directly proportional to the drug dose injected, with the organism learning to minimize the aversive effects by spacing its responses further apart. These explanations are discussed in greater detail in Wilson et al.16 and Yokel and Pickens.17
Adult Anaesthesia
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Louise Jayne Clark, Adam J Donne, R James A England, Hisham M Mehanna, Gerald William McGarry, Sean Carrie, Basic Sciences Endocrine Surgery Rhinology, 2018
Daphne A. Varveris, Neil G. Smart
Blood pressure can be measured invasively through a cannula sited in a suitable artery, usually the radial. This allows beat-to-beat measurement and the detection of rapid changes in real time. The morphology of the arterial ‘waveform’ including the rate of upstroke, pulse pressure and the presence of ‘pulsus paradoxus’ provides useful information on circulatory and vasotonic status. Blood gas sampling via the arterial cannula is also facilitated. Unlike non-invasive blood pressure measurement, invasive monitoring is reliable and accurate in both high and low pressure states. Disadvantages are few, but include the fact that siting such cannulae can be difficult, and the disposables are relatively expensive. There is a very small risk of unrecognized disconnection and bleeding, drug injection error, thrombosis, distal ischaemia and infection.
Increasing preference for fentanyl among a cohort of people who use opioids in Vancouver, Canada, 2017-2018
Published in Substance Abuse, 2022
Sarah Ickowicz, Thomas Kerr, Cameron Grant, M-J Milloy, Evan Wood, Kanna Hayashi
Our findings are consistent with a recent cross-sectional study documenting that approximately one quarter of 308 PWUD surveyed in three cities in the United States expressed a preference for fentanyl over other illicit opioids.29 Our longitudinal study has built on this finding by demonstrating that preference for fentanyl has become more common over time, and by exploring associations with preference for fentanyl. In our cohorts of adult PWID, the majority of participants had established injecting careers with a median of >20 years since first injection. We had postulated initiation of drug injection after 2016, when fentanyl became common in the local illicit opioid supply, may be associated with increased familiarity with fentanyl and reduced familiarity with previously available forms of “street heroin.” The results of our GEE analysis suggest that fentanyl preference is associated with younger age rather than initiation of injecting after 2016. In our sample, age was collinear with length of injecting career, limiting our ability to clarify whether fentanyl preference was associated specifically with younger age or shorter injecting career. Interestingly, an association between younger age and preference for fentanyl has been reported in other settings.29 The small number of participants in the current study who initiated injection drug use after 2016 (n = 26, 3.5%) limit the interpretation of this variable.
Effects of testosterone suppression on desire, hypersexuality, and sexual interest in children in men with pedophilic disorder
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2022
Valdemar Landgren, Pontus Olsson, Peer Briken, Christoffer Rahm
On inclusion of a participant, the study nurse opened the corresponding envelope containing the card indicating whether the participant was to receive the study drug or placebo. The study nurse in turn informed the nurse responsible for drug administration. The study drug injection was prepared by the second nurse, separate from the participant, by injecting a prefilled syringe of 3 ml sterile water into a vial of powder containing 120 mg degarelix. The vial was swirled until the powder dissolved and the liquid was clear, and then withdrawn into a syringe. To conceal the trade name, a white sticker was applied to the syringe cylinder, and to further minimise risk of unblinding, the participant was instructed to turn his face away from the nurse before the solution was injected subcutaneously in the abdomen over 30 seconds. This procedure was repeated with a new vial, needle, and syringe for the second 120 mg dose (total dose = 240 mg). Unlike the procedure for gonadotropin releasing hormone analogues where concurrent medication such as cyproterone acetate is added to prevent an initial surge of testosterone, no initial add-on treatment is needed with degarelix. The placebo injections consisted of two regular syringes of similar proportions, also with white stickers on the cylinder, each containing 3 ml clear sodium chloride 0.9% and injected subcutaneously using the same procedure. The nurse responsible for drug administration was not involved in any other part of the study.
Drug injection in Iranian prisons: evidence from the National Rapid Assessment and Response (RAR) survey, 2017
Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2022
Salah Eddin Karimi, Meroe Vameghi, Payam Roshanfekr, Sina Ahmadi, Delaram Ali, Peter Higgs
A national study in 2010 revealed that between 40% and 70% of participants reported having shared already used needles and other injection equipment (Khajehkazemi et al., 2013) and so not surprisingly the prevalence of hepatitis C and HIV in drug injectors in Iran is estimated at more than half of those who have been tested (Khajehkazemi et al., 2013; Rezaei et al., 2017). Previous studies have examined individual factors associated with drug injecting (Armoon et al., 2018; Ghiasvand et al., 2018; A. M. Noroozi, Ahmadi, et al., 2018; Nazari et al., 2016) and found that the age of initiation, the type of drug and how it is used, homelessness, and imprisonment all profoundly impact on the prevalence of drug injection. The prison environment is a unique setting with many increased harms associated with the risk behaviors such as sharing of drug injecting equipment (Karimi et al., 2020b; Wright et al., 2015), and men having sex with other men (Butler et al., 2007; Springer & Altice, 2005).