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Other Clinical Forms Emerge in Sri Lanka
Published in Yamuna Deepani Siriwardana, Leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka, 2023
Few countries in the SEA region aimed at elimination of visceral leishmaniasis initially by 2015 in which multiple difficulties were encountered at the commencement and during the progression of the activities (Chowdhury et al., 2014; Gurunath et al., 2014; Bhandari et al., 2011). Among many challenges, the fact that only a minority of L. donovani infections progress to clinical disease was identified as a leading cause. Various studies have described asymptomatic infection in different ways that include subclinical forms in serologically positive individuals and minimal or self-resolving infection or laboratory positivity without clinical features (Badaro et al., 1986; Srivastava et al., 2013). Asymptomatic carriers are known to play an important role in maintaining the disease/infection epidemic in a community (Stauch et al., 2011). Asymptomatic individuals are not identified or treated in many communities, and the treatment with expensive and toxic drugs is not justified even if the infection status is confirmed. However, the role of such infections may be important in the society, indicating the need for treatment. Therefore, careful understanding of the problem is important with regard to prevention and control of leishmaniasis in a given setting. Different endemic settings have described the asymptomatic: clinical disease ratio in L. donovani/Leishmania infantum. Variable figures have been observed in the Indian sub-continent (Stauch et al., 2011; Ostyn et al., 2011).
Chlamydial infection
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Joyce A. Ibana, Danny J. Schust
Implementation of a comprehensive C. trachomatis screening program can lead to a 60% reduction in the incidence of PID (63). With the availability of noninvasive, highly specific, and sensitive methods for the detection of C. trachomatis infection, opportunistic chlamydia screening has great potential for controlling the spread of infection through early detection and early treatment. Importantly, this includes the detection and treatment of subjects with asymptomatic infection. Combined, these screening efforts should help to prevent the development of adverse sequelae and further transmission of the infection.
Knowledge Area 10: Gynaecological Problems
Published in Rekha Wuntakal, Ziena Abdullah, Tony Hollingworth, Get Through MRCOG Part 1, 2020
Rekha Wuntakal, Ziena Abdullah, Tony Hollingworth
The incubation period is 1–3 weeks and men present with mucopurulent urethral discharge (urethritis) and women present with vaginal discharge (cervicitis). Asymptomatic infection is not uncommon in both men and women. Cervical or urethral swabs (first sample of urine in men) are collected for culture and nucleic acid amplification test. It is sensitive to doxycycline and erythromycin group of drugs.
Imaging of infectious and inflammatory cystic lesions of the brain, a narrative review
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2023
Anna Cervantes-Arslanian, Hector H Garcia, Otto Rapalino
Infection with the obligate intracellular protozoan toxoplasma gondii is one of the most common infections of the CNS. Asymptomatic infection occurs worldwide with serologic evidence of infection in 30% of the population [25]. Toxoplasmosis may become reactivated in immunocompromised patients and is the most common CNS infection in patients with AIDS. Clinical symptoms depend upon age of the infected with in utero infection causing congenital abnormalities or in older immunocompromised children and adults where it may present with seizures, focal neurologic deficits, and encephalitis. Rarely immunocompetent adults may be symptomatic during acute Toxoplasma infection [20]. Intracranial cyst-like lesions can be found in any location intracranially but have a predilection for the basal ganglia, thalamus, corticomedullary junction and the posterior fossa, Figure 6 [1].
Public health impact of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine (BNT162b2) in the first year of rollout in the United States
Published in Journal of Medical Economics, 2022
Manuela Di Fusco, Kinga Marczell, Kristen A. Deger, Mary M. Moran, Timothy L. Wiemken, Alejandro Cane, Solène de Boisvilliers, Jingyan Yang, Shailja Vaghela, Julie Roiz
Once individuals got infected in “infected states” (infected, infected post dose 1, infected post dose 2), they moved to the decision tree (Figure 2; Table 1) for symptomatic or asymptomatic infection. We assumed that individuals with asymptomatic infection did not die or require any inpatient or outpatient treatment, but could experience PASC complications. The term PASC, also known as “long COVID”, is used to describe the post-acute sequelae and long-term symptoms that can be experienced from weeks to months by persons recovering from COVID-1949. Symptomatic cases were moved further into the decision tree according to outcome probabilities informed by the individual’s health state specific efficacy against symptomatic disease and against hospitalization. The probability that infected individuals experienced symptoms was based on peer-reviewed literature42. Symptomatic cases were assumed to be managed in the outpatient or hospitalized setting, and incurred healthcare costs for clinical care including, respectively, visits, testing, medication, and hospitalization treatment. Hospitalized patients remained in the general ward or were admitted to the ICU and could receive IMV in either setting. Further, individuals that survived infection were then subject to a probability of developing PASC and incurred the costs of managing these symptoms. The PASC probabilities were sourced from published literature50,51. We also assumed that individuals who got infected were immune to reinfection for an average of nine months after the infection44.
Potential predictors of outcomes among hospitalized COVID-19 patients treated with convalescent plasma: a single-center study
Published in Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives, 2021
Sridhar Chilimuri, Maleeha Zahid, Nikhitha Mantri, Haozhe Sun, Mohamed Saleh, Shoaib Ashraf, Sudharsan Gongati, Muhammad Adrish
The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic is a major international public health crisis since the 1918 pandemic influenza. The disease is caused by SARS-CoV2, which is a single-stranded RNA virus [1]. Clinical presentation ranges widely with more than half of patients developing asymptomatic infection. In patients whose infection becomes severe, it can lead to acute respiratory failure, multi-organ damage and death. In an effort to contain this pandemic, several therapies have emerged over the last few months. Convalescent plasma (CP) therapy is thought to be helpful against SARS-CoV2 due to its prior success against RNA viruses [2,3]. CP therapy works by direct neutralization of the virus, as well as controlling an exaggerated inflammatory cascade [4]. In August 2020, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an emergency use authorization (EUA) for CP use in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) [5]. Despite its widespread use, available clinical data has not demonstrated a consistent benefit of this therapy [6]. Based on the evidence available, CP has been shown to be more efficacious when high-titer plasma is used early in the course of COVID-19 illness [7–9]. There were also concerns regarding the safety of CP therapy. In a large safety study of 20,000 patients, 146 serious adverse events (transfusion reactions) were reported within 4 hours of completion of therapy [10].