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Polydrug use: cocktails and combinations, including benzodiazepines, alcohol and cannabis
Published in Berry Beaumont, David Haslam, Care of Drug Users in General Practice, 2021
The most important way of detecting hazardous or dependent drinking is to ask about it regularly, even though patients may present with misuse of another drug. This may sound obvious but often opiate-dependent patients are not asked about their drinking on a regular basis. The FAST question, ‘How often do you drink eight or more drinks on one occasion?’, detects 70% of hazardous drinkers, if the answer is weekly or more often. The AUDIT questionnaire has been specifically designed to detect hazardous drinking in primary care. It has 10 questions and a high degree of sensitivity and specificity. Various shorter screening tools have been devised, such as the AUDIT-PC, the AUDIT-C and FAST. They are quick to administer and pick up the majority of cases.
Criterion audit
Published in Paul Bowie, Carl de Wet, Aneez Esmail, Philip Cachia, Safety and Improvement in Primary Care: The Essential Guide, 2020
Paul Bowie, Carl de Wet, John McKay
This is an important section that is often overlooked when compiling an audit report. As explained previously, audit should not be undertaken in isolation. Teamwork, leadership, communication, motivating and delegating are essential audit skills and these should be demonstrated in the project and the report. Quite simply, explain who was involved in discussing and planning the audit; how the data were identified, collected, analysed and disseminated; and who gave you assistance at any stage of the project (e.g. with a literature review or with collecting or analysing data) if this was required.
Doctors and Substance Misuse Disorder
Published in Clare Gerada, Zaid Al-Najjar, Beneath the White Coat, 2020
Shivanthi Sathanandan, Clare Gerada
An American study published in 2015 has bucked the trend and found higher rates of alcohol misuse in female doctors compared to men and the general population.18 As well as assessing alcohol use (using the AUDIT), doctors were asked to indicate use and frequency of use of prescription drugs (not prescribed by their physician) and illicit substances. Overall, 15% had an AUDIT score consistent with alcohol abuse or dependence, females had higher rates than males (21% vs. 13%). The rate for the general population was 13%. Abuse of prescription and illicit drugs were both rare. The most common was cannabis (3%). One percent of physicians did acknowledge the abuse of opiates either illicitly or abuse of a medication prescribed by a physician for a legitimate purpose. Use or abuse of other substances was uncommon. That women doctors drank more heavily than men has not been found in other studies, nor the finding in our sick doctor service. It might be women are more honest about their drinking habits in surveys.
Sex-specific correlates of metabolic syndrome risk in college-aged young adults
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2022
Simon Higgins, Alexandra N. Smith, Ewan R. Williams, Bhibha M. Das, Michael V. Fedewa, Ellen M. Evans
Alcohol and smoking habits were assessed using the World Health Organization’s Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), respectively. AUDIT is a sensitive and specific 10-item tool for the quantification of alcohol consumption and examination of alcohol-related behaviors in a college-aged sample.29 AUDIT produces a score between 0 and 40, with a score of 0-7 denoting a low-risk for harm and/or dependency, 8-15 denoting a risky or hazardous level of consumption, 16-19 denoting high-risk or harmful levels, and 20 or more considered high-risk with almost certain dependency. Whereas, FTND is a 6-item questionnaire, validated for use in young adults, which examines cigarette-related nicotine dependence and frequency of cigarette use.30 FTND scores range from 0 to 10 with 0 to 2, 3 to 4, 5, 6 to 7, and 8 to 10 denoting very low, low, medium, high, and very high dependence on nicotine, respectively.
Age of Occurrence and Severity of Childhood Sexual Abuse: Impacts on Health Outcomes in Men Who Have Sex with Men and Transgender Women
Published in The Journal of Sex Research, 2021
Casey D. Xavier Hall, Kevin Moran, Michael E. Newcomb, Brian Mustanski
The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) is the sum of a 10-item instrument from the World Health Organization that measures problematic drinking (Saunders et al., 1993; World Health Organization, 2001). Questions addressed several dimensions of alcohol use, including quantity, frequency, and symptoms of alcohol dependence, and alcohol-related problems (e.g., “Have you or someone else been injured because of your drinking?”). Response options are on a 5-item Likert scales, ranging from “Never” to “Daily or almost daily.” Scores ranging from 8 to 15 indicate moderate problematic drinking and 16+ indicates more severe problematic drinking. The scale ranges from 0 to 40 and had an alpha of 0.83 in this sample. AUDIT scores are hereafter referred to as alcohol problems.
Adaptation and Pilot Testing of the Women’s Recovery Group for Young Adults (WRG-YA)
Published in Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 2021
Justine W. Welsh, Kallio Hunnicutt-Ferguson, Jordan E. Cattie, Yujia Shentu, Maggie J. Mataczynski, Devon LoParo, Shelly F. Greenfield
The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) was used to screen for harmful and hazardous drinking and alcohol-related problems with a score of 0 to 40. A score of 8 or more often signal hazardous and harmful drinking (Babor, Higgins-Biddle, Saunders, & Monteiro, 2001). The Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST) consists of 10 yes-or-no questions and was used to assess nonmedical use of drugs and the consequences related to drug use (Skinner, 1982; Yudko, Lozhkina, & Fouts, 2007). Cravings were measured with the 3-item Craving Scale for Substance Use Disorders (CSSUD), adapted from the Cocaine Craving Scale developed by Weiss et al. (2003). The response option for each item ranges from 0 to 9 and the composite score ranges from 0 to 27. Prompts were used such as “please rate how strong your desire was to use drugs and/or alcohol during the last 24 hours.”