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Electrical Brain Stimulation to Treat Neurological Disorders
Published in Bahman Zohuri, Patrick J. McDaniel, Electrical Brain Stimulation for the Treatment of Neurological Disorders, 2019
Bahman Zohuri, Patrick J. McDaniel
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) is the application of weak electrical currents (1–2 milliamp) and induced electric fields in the brain of order 1 Volt/m to modulate the activity of neurons in the brain.7 Several generations of neurophysiological experiments have shown that neurons respond to static direct current (DC) electrical fields by altering their firing rates. Firing increases when the positive pole or electrode (anode) is located near the cell body or dendrites and decrease when the field is reversed.8 However, when the electrodes are placed on the scalp, the current density produced in the brain is exceedingly small, changing membrane potentials only by a fraction of a millivolt. Much of the current is shunted through the skin and within the brain, trough the cerebral fluid thus limiting the effect on neurons.8
From assessment to intervention
Published in Rosa Angela Fabio, Tindara Caprì, Gabriella Martino, Understanding Rett Syndrome, 2019
Rosa Angela Fabio, Tindara Caprì, Gabriella Martino
In tDCS stimulation, the cerebral cortex is stimulated through a weak DC current in a noninvasive and painless manner. tDCS stimulation can be applied specifically and selectively to defined cortical regions, particularly when guided by neuroimaging and physiological measures. During tDCS administration, a small electrical current passes through brain structures via electrodes placed on the scalp. This current is insufficient for the neuronal depolarization; rather, it is considered to induce incremental shifts in the resting membrane potential of large numbers of neurons under the electrodes.
Non-pharmacological treatments
Published in Jonathan P Rogers, Cheryl CY Leung, Timothy RJ Nicholson, Pocket Prescriber Psychiatry, 2019
Jonathan P Rogers, Cheryl CY Leung, Timothy RJ Nicholson
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) simply consists of two electrodes applied externally to the cranium with a current passed between them. Its advantages are its low cost and portability, but it remains investigational.
Motor Evoked Potential Amplitude in Motor Behavior-based Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Studies: A Systematic Review
Published in Journal of Motor Behavior, 2023
Jennifer L. Ryan, Emily Eng, Darcy L. Fehlings, F. Virginia Wright, Danielle E. Levac, Deryk S. Beal
All studies used tDCS montages with two electrodes between 3.14 and 57.75 cm2 (35 cm2 electrodes were used in 15 studies). The most frequently targeted region of M1 was the first dorsal interosseus (n = 10). Twenty-one studies involved anodal tDCS, five involved cathodal tDCS, three involved cathodal priming tDCS (i.e., cathodal tDCS prior to anodal tDCS), and two involved nontraditional electrode montages (i.e., electrodes centered around M1). Nineteen studies had a sham tDCS control condition. tDCS durations were 10 to 30 minutes with most studies (n = 9) using a 20-minute duration. tDCS intensities were 0.2 to 2.0 mA; 11 studies used 1.0 mA and eight studies used 2.0 mA. All but two studies (Frazer et al., 2016; Hendy & Kidgell, 2013) involved a single tDCS session per treatment condition.
Effects of non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) on vestibulopathy disorders: a systematic review
Published in Hearing, Balance and Communication, 2023
Bruno Henrique de Souza Fonseca, Pedro Henrique Sousa de Andrade, Otávio Borges, Jessica Mariana de Aquino Miranda, Rodrigo Bazan, Luciane Aparecida Pascucci Sande de Souza, Gustavo José Luvizutto
Two types of non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques are used for vestibular rehabilitation therapy (VRT): transcranial direct current electrical stimulation (tDCS) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). tDCS is used to modify the cortical excitability of the brain using low-intensity currents delivered by placing electrodes in specific regions of the scalp [10]. This stimulation can be in short and long terms, although long-term tDCS stimulation can promote synapse changes, which can lead to neuroplasticity enhancement [10]. It is known that tDCS produces changes in neuronal excitability at the synaptic level, but it is also responsible for axonal membrane potential changes. In addition, almost all tissues and cells are sensitive to electric fields; therefore, tDCS might also elicit changes in non-neuronal tissues in the brain, including endothelial cells, lymphocytes, and glial cells [11]. Konegamaru et al. showed that tDCS stimulation partially combined with vestibular rehabilitation can improve VD symptoms more efficiently than when performed separately [12].
Effects of home-based dual-hemispheric transcranial direct current stimulation combined with exercise on upper and lower limb motor performance in patients with chronic stroke
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2022
Thatchaya Prathum, Pagamas Piriyaprasarth, Benchaporn Aneksan, Vimonwan Hiengkaew, Thitinat Pankhaew, Roongtiwa Vachalathiti, Wanalee Klomjai
There were no significant between-group differences in the baseline characteristics (Table 1). All participants reported being able to apply the tDCS. Specifically, 21 participants were able to easily self-administer tDCS while 3 participants with paretic arms required assistance to wear the tDCS cap and reported slight difficulty in using home-based tDCS. The researcher who visited the participants repeated the exercise routine and provided verbal feedback to prevent compensatory movements. All participants received feedback thrice per exercise session for the first three sessions; subsequently, they could independently perform the exercises. Only mild tDCS-related adverse effects were reported, including tingling (active, 34.72%; sham, 88.19%), itching (sham, 0.39%), burning sensation (active, 2.09%; sham 0.69%), headache (active, 0.69%; sham 1.39%), and other sensations (sham, 2.78%). Some participants in the sham tDCS group reported cutaneous sensation during the first few minutes after stimulation. All the participants reported that the cutaneous sensation disappeared after stopping the stimulation.