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Laboratory Techniques
Published in Niel T. Constantine, Johnny D. Callahan, Douglas M. Watts, Retroviral Testing, 2020
Niel T. Constantine, Johnny D. Callahan, Douglas M. Watts
The vacutainer type system used for drawing blood samples has some advantages over the use of syringes. When samples are drawn for many different laboratory tests, only one venipuncture is required to draw blood into several different tubes. Properly used vacuum tube systems do not cause hemolysis, because blood enters the tube at an even rate under vacuum. Vacuum tube systems may be more difficult to use when a patient with difficult veins is encountered.
Symptom flowcharts and testing guidelines
Published in Sarah Bekaert, Alison White, Integrated Contraceptive and Sexual Healthcare, 2018
Sarah Bekaert, Alison White, Kathy French, Kevin Miles
Stabilise the needle and syringe with your thumb, index finger and middle finger of one hand and withdraw the syringe’s plunger with the other. If blood flows, click the plunger into locked position; otherwise, if using vacutainer, allow the blood to flow to required quantity.
Microbiological Diagnosis of Bacterial Diseases
Published in Nancy Khardori, Bench to Bedside, 2018
Sarita Mohapatra, Arti Kapil, Nancy Khardori
Collection of blood cultures with the objective of minimizing contamination involves the following steps.Perform hand hygiene and wear sterile gloves before the procedure.Wash the area with soap and water.Apply povidone-iodine, tincture of iodine or chlorhexidine-gluconate and allow drying for 1-2 mins (povidone-iodine) or 30 secs (tincture of iodine/chlorhexidine-gluconate). Chlorhexidine-gluconate is not used in children less than 2 months old. Scrub the disinfectant starting from the center to the periphery encircling an area of 4 to 5 inches. Remove iodine from the skin by scrubbing with 70% alcohol.Apply tourniquet and do not palpate the site with gloved fingers again.Collect blood aseptically by needle and syringe or a closed vacutainer system.
Role of point-of-care arterial blood potassium in diagnosing pseudohyperkalemia
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2022
Ghulam Mujtaba Ghumman, Abdul Baqi, Abid Nawaz Khan Adil, Vinod Khatri
We highlight the use of POC potassium in diagnosing pseudohyperkalemia. The use of arterial blood in heparinized arterial blood gas syringes with immediate POC analysis can prevent cell lysis and reflect true in vivo potassium levels. This occurs due to lack of tourniquet use with arterial sampling, no vacutainer use, absence of pneumatic tube transport, early analysis, and thus less chance of leukocyte destruction. This phenomenon has been described by Ruddy et al, who reported a discrepancy between arterial and venous potassium levels due to pseudohyperkalemia. In their case, the arterial blood was also sent to the laboratory for analysis immediately after collection to target the minimum sample-to-analysis time.7 It is important to look for other causes of hyperkalemia in these patients, as tumor lysis syndrome can also occur and lead to hyperkalemia. Renal insufficiency is another cause in these patients. The presence of normal levels of uric acid, calcium, phosphate, and creatinine ruled out these causes.
EDTA stabilizes the concentration of platelet-derived extracellular vesicles during blood collection and handling
Published in Platelets, 2022
Naomi C. Buntsma, Aleksandra Gąsecka, Yvo B.W.E.M. Roos, Ton G. van Leeuwen, Edwin van der Pol, Rienk Nieuwland
Blood from healthy individuals was collected in plastic vacuum tubes (2.7 mL trisodium citrate; final concentration 0.109 mol/L, and 4.0 mL K2EDTA 7.2 mg, BD Vacutainer®, US) via antecubital venipuncture using a 21-Gauge needle. The first 2 mL of blood were discarded. The Ethical Review Board of Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, has stated that collection of blood from healthy volunteers for preclinical research is not subjected to the WMO (the Medical Research Involving Human Subject Act). Hence, no additional approval was required from the Ethical Review Board. All procedures involving human participants were in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and with informed consent. Where indicated, (cell-depleted) plasma was prepared according to ISTH guidelines by double centrifugation (Rotina 380 R, Hettich Zentrifugen, Germany) at 2,500 g for 15 minutes at 20°C, acceleration speed 9, no brake [5,6]. The first centrifugation step was done in the blood collection tube, after which the plasma was collected by aspiration to 10 mm above the buffy coat, transferred to a new 13 mL plastic tube (Greiner Bio-One GmbH, Austria) and mixed by pipetting. After the second centrifugation step, plasma was collected to 10 mm above the bottom, transferred into a 1.5 mL Eppendorf (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and mixed by pipetting. If needed, plasma was transferred to 1.5 mL micro tubes (Sarstedt AG & Co. KG, Germany), frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80°C until analysis.
High-molecular-weight fucosylated glycosaminoglycan induces human platelet aggregation depending on αIIbβ3 and platelet secretion
Published in Platelets, 2021
Lisha Lin, Lian Yang, Jun Chen, Lutan Zhou, Sujuan Li, Na Gao, Jinhua Zhao
Blood was collected from the median cubital vein of healthy volunteers (8 males and 6 females, 22-31 years old, 50~70 kg, not taking any drug within 2 weeks) into a vacutainer with one-ninth volume of sodium citrate (for washed platelet, ACD vacutainer was used). Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was prepared shortly after blood collection by centrifugation (150 g, 8 min). The remaining blood was centrifuged at 2400 g for 6 min to obtain platelet-poor plasma (PPP). For the preparation of platelet suspension (PS), 0.5 μΜ PGI2 and 0.2 U/mL pyrase were added to PRP, which were pelleted by centrifugation (300 g, 6 min); then, platelets were washed by Ca2+ -free Tyrode buffer (with 0.5 μΜ PGI2 and 0.2 U/mL pyrase). Washed platelets (2~2.5×108 mL−1) were re-suspended in modified Tyrode buffer (137 mM NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl, 1.8 mM CaCl2, 11.9 mM NaHCO3, 1.0 mM MgSO4, 0.42 mM NaH2PO4, 5.0 mM glucose, 10 mM HEPES), and allowed to rest for 30 minutes at room temperature before experimentation. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Informed consent was provided for blood donation.