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Gastro-intestinal (digestive) system
Published in David Sales, Medical IELTS, 2020
Heartburn and water-brash or acidity are descriptions for symptoms which may be caused by gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD), although patients tend to refer to their gullet rather than their oesophagus. Feeling nauseous may be referred to as feeling sick; reflux may be described as heaving or retching and vomiting as throwing up or honking up or being unable to keep anything down. Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) typically would be described as food getting stuck.
Conception
Published in Kate B. Daigle, The Clinical Guide to Fertility, Motherhood, and Eating Disorders, 2019
Physical symptoms of pregnancy may potentially have an adverse effect on a woman’s recovery from her ED. Morning sickness, characterized by nausea and sometimes purging during the first trimester, may bring back memories of eating disorder days and behaviors. Throwing up from morning sickness can mimic throwing up from an eating disorder behavior, and this can cause complex feelings for a woman. Numerous women that I interviewed told me that even if they had been recovered for years, feeling an urge to throw up due to morning sickness was triggering old ED pathways in their brain. An eating disorder voice may say: “you can lose weight this way, or prevent yourself from gaining ‘too much’ weight during your pregnancy,” or “doesn’t this feel nice?” whereas there is nothing pleasurable about throwing up out of morning sickness. Also, purging in an eating disorder is done consciously and intentionally, where morning sickness occurs independently of the mom’s control and can happen in the most unfortunate circumstances, like while driving her car or in a meeting at work. If a pregnant woman experiences a recurrence of disordered thoughts, she is encouraged to bring this up with her doctor and therapist and try to diffuse the unhealthy thoughts.
The synergetic, probabilistic pathways of typical motor development
Published in Anna L. Barnett, Elisabeth L. Hill, Understanding Motor Behaviour in Developmental Coordination Disorder, 2019
Kathleen M. Haywood, Nancy Getchell
Throwing. Throwing can take many forms depending on interactions among the individual within the movement environment and any task-related goals, rules or equipment. Young children may use a one or two-hand underhand throw due to ball size or weight. As children become involved in organized sport, throwing form often changes as a function of specific, sport related task goals (e.g. speed vs. accuracy) or rules. For example, within both cricket and baseball, players use overarm or sidearm throws to project balls forcefully and with accuracy; however, the movement pattern differs based on requirements of the individual sport.
Comparison of pre-high school and high school football quarterback injuries
Published in The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 2023
Greggory P. Kobelski, Luke C. Radel, Jacob C. Jones, Michael J. O’Brien, William P. Meehan, Dai Sugimoto
Many studies report that football injuries vary by position [5–8]. This is likely due to the difference in size and skill required for each position. Among many playing positions, the quarterback (QB) is an exceptionally unique position because of the use of the overhand pass. Because of the overhand pass, the QB is often in a vulnerable position, especially when in the process of throwing, which may affect their injury profile in comparison to other positions. A study conducted by Stuart et.al. found that QBs and running backs are the most susceptible to injury, each having 4.9 times greater relative risk compared to linemen with respect to baseline injury prevalence measures, while the next most injured positions were wide receiver and defensive back where 2.4 times and 1.9 times of injury prevalence being observed [9]. In the study, the potential mechanisms were discussed and postulated that they are being tackled more frequently than other positions [9]. Other studies have suggested a higher risk of shoulder injuries due to the repetitive stress of throwing, as well as the collisions that occur during the throwing motion [10–13].
Comprehensive motor skills assessment in children with autism spectrum disorder yields global deficits
Published in International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 2022
Christina E. Odeh, Allison L. Gladfelter, Carolyn Stoesser, Sarah Roth
When complex motor performance was considered in the subtest item level on the MABC-2 (Tables 3 and 4), children with ASD demonstrated difficulty with both peg-board and assembly items in the manual dexterity component but performed similarly to the children in the TD group on the tracing item. This may be indicative of more difficulty with precision and timing. The tracing was a task of precision that was untimed. This may suggest that when given adequate amount of time (and no pressure of completion within a certain amount of time), the children with ASD may perform comparably to that of their peers. Similarly, in the aiming and catching component, children with ASD had difficulty with catching but not throwing. Throwing certainly requires less anticipatory responses than catching. Perhaps, the deficits are related to feedforward loops and anticipatory responses (Foster et al.2020, Ganglmayer et al.2019, Schmitz et al.2003), which is consistent with theory of mind (Devaine et al.2014). This could help explain children with ASD demonstrating less desire to participate in unstructured motor activities or during recreational activities when peer actions and ball play can be unpredictable (Solish et al.2010, Marquis et al. 2015, McCoy et al.2016).
Epidemiology of injuries in track and field athletes: a cross-sectional study of specific injuries based on time loss and reduction in sporting level
Published in The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 2022
Christophe Lambert, Noémie Reinert, Linda Stahl, Thomas Pfeiffer, Bernd Wolfarth, Daniel Lachmann, Sven Shafizadeh, Ramona Ritzmann
The type and severity of an injury have a direct impact on the return-to-sports (RTS) time frame [29]. On the international level, training time loss due to an injury is considered a major determinant for success or failure [30]. The current results show that the duration of sporting time loss differed between the injuries with the longest downtime for ligament and muscle injuries of the elbow (36 week and 39 weeks, respectively) in throwing sports. Injuries to the ligaments and tendons have a high impact on a thrower’s career, and in 40% of athletes, time loss rates of more than 28 days are common [31]. With 29 weeks of downtime, sprinting athletes showed the crucial role of injuries to the cartilage of the knee, which are common in the athletic population with a clinical outcome partly linked to the therapeutic approach with different surgical techniques and a wide range of downtime rates [32].