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Virus-Based Nanocarriers for Targeted Drug Delivery
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Semra Akgönüllü, Monireh Bakhshpour, Yeşeren Saylan, Adil Denizli
Natural polymers, including albumin, heparin, and chitosan, have been used for protein, oligonucleotides, and DNA, as well as drug delivery in medical applications. Many synthetic polymers, including poly-L-glutamic acid, polystyrene-maleic anhydride copolymer, polyethylene glycol, and N-(2-hydroxypropyl)-methacrylamide copolymers, have also been used in drug-delivery applications (Cho et al. 2008). The drug can be conjugated to the polymer with a covalent bond or physically entrapped in the polymer. Both synthetic polymers (Afrooz et al. 2017), as well as natural polymers, have been utilised for nanoparticle preparation.
Polymer-Based Protein Delivery Systems for Loco-Regional Administration
Published in Richard L. K. Glover, Daniel Nyanganyura, Rofhiwa Bridget Mulaudzi, Maluta Steven Mufamadi, Green Synthesis in Nanomedicine and Human Health, 2021
Muhammad Haji Mansor, Emmanuel Garcion, Bathabile Ramalapa, Nela Buchtova, Clement Toullec, Marique Aucamp, Jean Le Bideau, François Hindré, Admire Dube, Carmen Alvarez-Lorenzo, Moreno Galleni, Christine Jérôme, Frank Boury
Current research is focused especially on developing biodegradable polymer materials that have shown significant therapeutic potential. Biodegradable polymers are natural or synthetic polymers that are able to degrade in vivo into biocompatible and toxicologically safe by-products that are subsequently resorbed or excreted by the body. Naturally occurring biodegradable polymers are widely explored because of their abundance in nature, biocompatibility and lower toxicity. Chitosan (Deng et al., 2017), hyaluronic acid (Giarra et al., 2018), silk fibroin (Fernández-garcía et al., 2016), cellulose (Wozniak et al., 2003) or collagen (Teixeira et al. 2010; Manavitehrani et al., 2016) have been among the most investigated natural biodegradable polymers for protein delivery applications. However, their use is challenging because of wide molecular weight distributions and batch-to-batch variability and the necessity to collaborate with companies that are able to purchase materials following clinical Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP). On the other hand, cGMP synthetic biodegradable or bioeliminable polymers are commercially available with different and well-defined compositions, molecular weights and degradation times. Aliphatic polyesters such as poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and polycaprolactone (PCL) have been among the most successfully used synthetic biodegradable polymers so far (Makadia and Seigel, 2011).
Engineered Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy *
Published in Valerio Voliani, Nanomaterials and Neoplasms, 2021
Tianmeng Sun, Yu Shrike Zhang, Pang Bo, Dong Choon Hyun, Miaoxin Yang, Younan Xia
A number of biodegradable polymers, both synthetic and natural, have been used for formulating erodible polymer nanoparticles. Synthetic polymers have the advantage of sustained release of preloaded drugs over periods of days to several weeks. Representative examples include polyesters such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA), poly(glycolic acid) (PGA), and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA). These polymers are degraded through hydrolytic cleavage of the ester bond between lactic and glycolic acid, and thus can be easily metabolized in the body and eliminated as carbon dioxide and water [82]. During the hydrolytic process, the accessibility of water molecules to polymer matrices (i.e., the hydrophilicity of polymers) determines the erosion rate. Furthermore, the hydrolysis is dependent on the local concentrations of proton donors and acceptors. As the degraded monomers of certain polymers (e.g., PLA, PGA, and PLGA) provide acidic protons, their degradation rate may be self-expedited upon accumulation of these acidic products [83]. The addition of external acidic or basic excipients can also regulate the rate of polymer erosion.
Polyethyleneglycol-serine nanoparticles as a novel antidote for organophosphate poisoning: synthesis, characterization, in vitro and in vivo studies
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Pedram Ebrahimnejad, Ali Davoodi, Hamid Irannejad, Javad Akhtari, Hamidreza Mohammadi
The use of nanotechnology and nanoscience in the medicine is growing and can offer some exciting possibilities. Synthetic polymers are used in drug delivery systems because of their biocompatibility, biodegradability, high blood circulation, long half-life, and safety (Avramović et al.2020). Among the several synthesized nanodrugs, nanocomposites that can be useful in various human poisonings have not yet been found. Thus, a new field is necessary about the synthesis of new nanoparticles (NPs) in different poisoning conditions. The usefulness of some NPs in OP poisoning has been reported in our previous studies (Shafiee et al.2010, Mohammadi et al.2011, Bakhtiarian et al.2015) and other investigations (Rochu et al.2007, Valiyaveettil et al.2011, Nachon et al.2013).
Light mediated drug delivery systems: a review
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2022
Both natural and synthetic polymers offer a wide range of materials that can be used as biomaterials due to their extensive list of advantages. Synthetic polymers have excellent mechanical properties, low protein adsorption, and cell adhesion properties. However, poor biocompatibility, the loss of mechanical properties, and the release of degradation products are significant disadvantages of these polymers [81]. They can be made mechanically more robust by cross-linking two or more biopolymers or synthetic polymers [82]. Natural polymers, when functioning as drug delivery carriers, degrade into biocompatible compounds, leaving the incorporated drugs behind through the process of hydrolysis [83]. Natural polymers have several advantages, including good cytocompatibility and biodegradability, therefore eliminating the need for surgical removal. Examples of such polymers include collagen, alginates, chitosan, pectin, alginic acid, chitin, alginate, and hyaluronic acid.
Engineered biomaterial strategies for controlling growth factors in tissue engineering
Published in Drug Delivery, 2020
Na Guan, Zhihai Liu, Yonghui Zhao, Qiu Li, Yitao Wang
Many new biodegradable polymers were expected to use for drug delivery, which were found to consistently induce ectopic bone formation when they combined with GFs and were implanted into the muscles of experimental animals (Saito & Takaoka, 2003). Given the challenge in growth factor delivery, the potential to accurately control the delivery process of growth factors is prospective. Nevertheless, it is a very challenging problem because multiple problems must be solved in order to develop the fine system (Sun et al., 2019). A vital requirement for a tissue engineering scaffold is that it degrades and resorbs at a suitable rate. New degradable polymers have many advantages as scaffold materials in tissue engineering. Among the advantages of polymers, the ability to tailor mechanical properties and degradation kinetics is very useful. The polymers are also attractive because they can be changed into various delivery systems with the required morphologic features. Furthermore, the polymers can also be modified with chemical functional groups which can induce tissue regeneration. There are many biodegradable synthetic polymers such as poly (glycolic acid), poly (p-dioxanone), and so on, which have been widely used in clinic. This chapter describes the effects of nanoparticles, hydrogels, and layer-by-layer film assembly systems based on biodegradable polymers on growth factors delivery (Figure 7).