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Renal Disease; Fluid and Electrolyte Disorders
Published in John S. Axford, Chris A. O'Callaghan, Medicine for Finals and Beyond, 2023
Blood pressure is usually measured with a sphygmomanometer, which uses an inflatable cuff around the arm. Good automatic devices are available, but it is still important to be able to check the action of these devices with a manual sphygmomanometer. Choose a cuff of the right size. If the patient has a large arm, use a large cuff or the reading will be falsely high.Wrap the cuff around the patient's arm and place a stethoscope over the brachial artery at the elbow.Inflate the cuff until no sound is heard and then slowly deflate it.When the first sounds start to be heard, this is the systolic pressure as indicated on the sphygmomanometer.When the sounds finally disappear, this is the diastolic pressure.
Hypertension
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
Older patients, even if frail, can usually tolerate a diastolic BP of 60–65 mm Hg with no increase in cardiovascular events. With proper training, patients or their family members can perform BP measurements at home. There must be close monitoring and regular calibration of the sphygmomanometer. During pregnancy, treatment of hypertension must be done carefully since some antihypertensives are harmful to fetuses.
Peripheral Arterial Thromboembolic Disorders
Published in Hau C. Kwaan, Meyer M. Samama, Clinical Thrombosis, 2019
For brachial artery pressure measurement a normal sphygmomanometer cuff is placed around the upper arm. The radial artery is searched for at the wrist with the DUS probe. When the acoustic flow signal is picked up the cuff is inflated up to a pressure above the systolic value. At this point the flow signal disappears. Next, the pressure in the cuff is slowly reduced until a first flow signal is to be heard. The pressure is read on the sphygmomanometer scale and put on record as “systolic brachial artery pressure”. Next, the cuff is removed and put around the distal part of the forearm. An identical procedure is performed resulting in the “systolic radial artery pressure”. In a last step the cuff stays at the forearm, but the probe moves to the ulnar artery at the wrist. Thereafter the above procedure is repeated. The resulting pressure value is called “systolic ulnar artery pressure”. As is easy to understand, obstructions (occlusions or narrowing) of the subclavian artery will be accompanied by a pressure drop in the subclavian, radial, and ulnar arteries. When the subclavian artery is still patent and only the radial artery is occluded, only a radial pressure drop will be recorded. Similarly, an ulnar artery occlusion without involvement of the subclavian and radial arteries will lead to a pressure reduction in the ulnar artery exclusively.
Blood pressure patterns of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in first and second trimester and contributing factors: a retrospective study
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2023
Jie Ren, Zhuoran Fan, Jing Li, Yujie Wang, Junnong Zhang, Shaofang Hua
This study included the 4299 pregnancies who laboured in the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University from January 2019 to December 2020. In Tianjin, pregnancies usually got their prenatal cares in the local community health service centre before 28 weeks of gestation and the materials such as gestational age, weight and blood pressure values were uploaded and recorded in the website: Tianjin Maternal and Child Health Care Information System (60.29.92.68:82/Site/NewTjsfezxSite/Default.aspx), and into the third trimester, they chose their preferred hospital to continue their visits until delivery. In-hospital materials including maternal age, blood pressure values of delivery, gender, length and weight of offspring were recorded in the In-patient Management Information System. Considering that most mothers experienced the first prenatal care and created the pregnancy file during 8 + 0 weeks to 10 + 6 weeks and the last care they got in the local centre is around 28 + 0 weeks. So we chose seven average time periods (8 + 0 weeks to 10 + 6 weeks, 11 + 0 weeks to 13 + 6 weeks, 14 + 0 weeks to 16 + 6 weeks, 17 + 0 weeks to 19 + 6 weeks, 20 + 0 weeks to 22 + 6 weeks, 23 + 0 weeks to 25 + 6 weeks, 26 + 0 weeks to 28 + 6 weeks) to represent the first and second trimester. The electronic sphygmomanometer (arm or wrist) was used for measuring blood pressure. Pregnancies were in a sitting position and asked to rest for 5–10 min before measurement. Our data came from the two systems and this study had been reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee.
Evaluation of correlation between digital vs. mercury sphygmomanometer in a middle-income country: The role of socio-economic situation
Published in Clinical and Experimental Hypertension, 2022
Alireza Khosravi, Mohaddeseh Behjati, Asieh Mansouri, Mahnaz Jozan, Noushin Mohammadifard, Marzieh Taheri, Somayeh Khodarahmi, Rezvan Ansari, Mohammad Hadi Mansouri, Pejman Mansouri, Nizal Sarrafzadegan
Medical equipment are growing rapidly. Various instruments have been used for digital and manual digital sphygmomanometers but each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages. Despite of this progress in development of digital sphygmomanometers which could be used easily and simply, these devices are supposed to have low sensitivity. Using manometer sphygmomanometers as a standard measurement tool, it has been shown that digital sphygmomanometers have inappropriately lower level of accuracy and validity for measurement of systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurement. The reported high error rate has limited their widespread application. While other investigations showed similar sensitivity and accuracy of these methods. Comparisons and differences in manometer and digital sphygmomanometer are discussed in several studies in detail (6–9).
A close relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and the serum level of CD47 in adults
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2020
Lei Feng, Rong Jian, Yan Wang, Yong Yao, Mingsheng Gao, Heng Du
Detailed information regarding age, sex, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure and medical history were acquired by our clinical specialists. BMI, a measure of body fat based on height and weight, was calculated as follows: BMI (kg/m2) = weight/(height)2. An automated sphygmomanometer was used to record all participants’ blood pressure. All participants’ fasting venous blood samples were obtained in the morning and measured immediately in clinical laboratories. Serum levels of glucose, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GTT), creatinine (Cr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), uric acid (UA), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), apolipoprotein A1 (APOA1) and apolipoprotein B (APOB) were determined by using an automatic biochemical analyzer (Hitachi 7600, Tokyo, Japan). Serum levels of CD47 and Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits for CD47 and TNF-α were obtained from Boster Biological Technology, Wuhan, China. All tests were performed according to the manufacturer’s protocol.