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The Physics of Human Thermography
Published in James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead, Human Medical Thermography, 2023
James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead
Planck's law is the mathematical principle behind non-contact radiometry and thermography. The law mathematically expresses the thermal energy radiated by a blackbody at temperature (T) as detected over one wavelength (λ) of radiation. This energy is called Spectral Radiance (Bλ) which can be calculated by Planck's complicated formula (Equation 2.1).
Fundamentals of Infrared Thermal Imaging
Published in U. Snekhalatha, K. Palani Thanaraj, Kurt Ammer, Artificial Intelligence-Based Infrared Thermal Image Processing and Its Applications, 2023
U. Snekhalatha, K. Palani Thanaraj, Kurt Ammer
Thermometry can be classified based on the process of heat transfer involved (conductive, convective, or radiative), the field of application (basic science, applied science, industry, biomedicine, biology), or the temperature bands measured. Particularly, radiation thermometers are classified as high-, mid-, or low-temperature measurement devices. Infrared thermal imagers are regarded as an extension of low-temperature radiation thermometers (Zhang and Machin, 2010). Each field of application has standards and limitations that vary between science disciplines. For example, the ISO standard regulating the use and calibration of clinical thermometers is different from the guideline controlling infrared cameras for fever screening. Zhang and Machin described a schematic setup for radiometric temperature measurement. A source of infrared emission is the target for which the temperature is to be measured. An optical system captures the input signal infrared radiation for an infrared-sensitive detector which in turn produces an output signal. The radiation-capturing system is constructed from a lens confining the field of view, a bandpass optical filter determining the spectral region within which the thermal radiation is to be measured, and an aperture in front of the detector to avoid detection of stray light. The output signal (voltage or current) from the detector is amplified and measured by a signal processor. This output signal is related to the spectral radiance emitted by the surface and hence its temperature can be deduced.
Solubilization of the chlorin TPCS2a in the presence of Pluronic® F127/Tween 80 mixtures
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2019
Nicola Cuccato, Luca Nardo, Solveig Kristensen, Hanne Hjorth Tønnesen, Marianne Lilletvedt Tovsen
Fluorescence emission spectra of the samples (n = 3) held in quartz cuvettes (10 mm optical path length) were acquired in the spectral band 600 nm–800 nm by means of a Fluorescence Master System fluorimeter (PTI, London, Ontario, Canada). For each sample, the excitation wavelength was set at the maximum absorption wavelength of the Soret band. The samples were kept at 25 ± 0.2 °C by using a water-bath thermostated cell holder. The excitation source was a 75 W xenon lamp. The monochromators entrance and exit slits were adjusted to 2 nm. The spectra were automatically corrected for both the lamp spectral radiance and the detector quantum efficiency by means of the acquisition software Felix 2000.
Evaluating the blue-light hazard from solid state lighting
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2019
John D. Bullough, Andrew Bierman, Mark S. Rea
The relative SPD for a commercially available F32T841K rare-earth fluorescent lamp (Sylvania, USA) was measured using a PhotoResearch PR 730 spectroradiometer. The total luminous flux output from the lamp was assumed to be 3000 lm, a representative value for lamps used in commercial lighting applications. The SPD and luminous flux were combined to calculate the spectral radiance using conventional photometric procedures [49]. The luminance (in cd·m−2) was calculated by: L = luminance; FL = luminous flux; ACS =cylindrical surface area of the lamp. No effective adjustment was made to the radiance.