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Omics and female reproduction
Published in Moshe Hod, Vincenzo Berghella, Mary E. D'Alton, Gian Carlo Di Renzo, Eduard Gratacós, Vassilios Fanos, New Technologies and Perinatal Medicine, 2019
The secretome is defined as proteins produced by cells and secreted by the developing embryo, constantly changing through its own interactions impacted upon by both internal and external stimuli. Proteomic analysis of the secretome using mass spectrometry (MS) could provide a noninvasive approach of embryo assessment and may assist in revealing secreted factors that mirror developmental milestones and embryo viability (44,45). One of the first molecules to be identified was the soluble factor, 1-o-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PAF), produced and secreted by mammalian embryos with an autocrine survival function during embryonic development (46). Protein microarray found that conditioned medium of implanted blastocysts consisted of decreased levels of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), CXCL13, with increased levels of soluble tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-receptor 1 (sTNFr1) and interleukin (IL)-10 compared to nonimplanted blastocysts (47).
Evaluation of embryo quality: Proteomic strategies
Published in David K. Gardner, Ariel Weissman, Colin M. Howles, Zeev Shoham, Textbook of Assisted Reproductive Techniques, 2017
Currently, the selection of embryos for transfer is based on morphological indices (27). Though successful, the field of assisted reproduction technology would benefit from more quantitative and noninvasive methods of viability determination to run alongside morphological assessment. These quantitative methods hold the promise of improving in vitro fertilization (IVF) success rates as well as optimizing single-embryo transfer (28). There have been several studies that have shown the existence of soluble factors secreted by human embryos that could impact either or both developmental competence and implantation. The initial studies of the human embryonic secretome involved targeted analysis of individual proteins and molecules. The soluble factor 1-o-alkyl- 2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PAF) has been identified as one of the first targeted molecules. PAF was shown to be produced and secreted by mammalian embryos during preimplantation development (29). Secreted PAF could be working in an autocrine fashion as a survival factor, as well as influencing maternal physiology alterations including platelet activation and immune function (29).
Diagnosis and Pathobiology
Published in Franklyn De Silva, Jane Alcorn, The Elusive Road Towards Effective Cancer Prevention and Treatment, 2023
Franklyn De Silva, Jane Alcorn
The progressive appearance of metastases may eventually rise from microscopic foci that undergo sequential transitions between dormant states and eventually exceed the clinical detection threshold [223]. Selective pressures (e.g., surgical removal of tumor, hypoxia, and antiangiogenesis) may unlock subclinical dormant foci [223, 241, 243]. Alternatively, stressors associated with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, oxygen, and/or nutrient scarcity may cause surviving cancer cells to go into dormancy (therapy-induced dormancy or nutrient dormancy) [246, 248] only to be revived after discontinuation of the therapy to give rise to cancer recurrence and treatment resistance [246, 248]. This occurrence follows from the phenomenon whereby cancer therapies modulate the tumor secretome that supports the survival of cancer cells, a phenomenon termed therapy-induced tumor secretome [249–252]. Chemotherapy exposure can also incite senescence and senescent-associated secretory phenotype as well as cell cycle arrest in cancer cells and nontransformed cells [252]. Senescence is a dynamic multistep process, that may be instigated by various intrinsic and environmental stresses (e.g., oxidative stress, genotoxic stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and DNA damage), and it is considered as a permanent state of cellular growth arrest [252–260] Nonetheless, senescent cells are still metabolically active, resistant to cell death (e.g., they undergo metabolic reprogramming, chromatin remodeling, and morphology changes), and may promote invasion and cancer progression [252, 260, 261] through a complex collection of secreted factors (primarily proinflammatory factors) such as growth factors, enzymes, cytokines, and chemokines (i.e., ‘senescent-associated secretory phenotype') [252, 256, 262–267].
The secrets of protein secretion: what are the key features of comparative secretomics?
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2020
Comparative secretomics offers, for the first time, an in-depth characterization of the human secretome through the identification of unconventionally secreted proteins (except vesicle-mediated protein secretion) and removal of intercellular contaminants by a direct experimental approach. Based on Outycyte’s prediction, the number of unconventionally secreted proteins has been estimated to be 3,475 proteins, exceeding the number of current annotations [16] by factor 10, and demonstrates that the human secretome is far more complex than expected. Thus, a database that contains high-confident secretome data from comparative secretomics should be the next step to open new avenues to better understand the extracellular space, develop novel biomarkers, and identify drug targets. I am convinced that comparative secretomics will initiate further projects and contribute to unravel new mechanisms of protein secretion.
Proteomic examination of the neuroglial secretome: lessons for the clinic
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2020
Jong-Heon Kim, Ruqayya Afridi, Won-Ha Lee, Kyoungho Suk
Secretomics, a sub-field of proteomics, refers to the analysis of complex sets of molecules secreted by numerous living cells that play important roles in cell to cell communication, migration, cell growth, differentiation, and intracellular signaling. The secreted molecules have been implicated in various disease modalities such as immunological disorders, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. The secretomes of cells are highly dynamic and the proteins released by cells change during development and maturation as well as under various pathologies. The secretome also changes during various stages of disease progression, and hence, can be exploited as an incredible repository for the identification of novel biomarkers for the timely detection and treatment of neurological disorders. Recent advances in secretome technology have opened new avenues for the identification of biomarkers and therapeutic targets in cancer and autoimmune diseases [21]. The secretome of glial cells has recently been analyzed in various in-vitro and in-vivo settings and many disease-specific proteins released from glia in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders have been identified [17,20].
Role of Smoking-Mediated molecular events in the genesis of oral cancers
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2019
Secreted proteome represents the secretome; the word secretome was proposed by Tjalsma et al. (2000) while analyzing the total secreted proteins encoded by the bacterium Bacillus subtilis. The secretome comprises proteins classically and non-classically secreted from a cell, tissue or organism. The complex secretome has both structural and functional diversity. The cancer secretory proteins may be operative in extracellular matrix modeling, signaling, growth inhibition or stimulations, control of cell-to-cell interactions, regulation of cell-to-extracellular matrix interactions, cell differentiation, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Therefore, cancer secretomics is an essential approach for fishing out disease associated markers (Xue et al. 2008; Donadelli 2017). The secreted proteomes of oral tissues comprising salivary and serum proteomes, representing the entire protein complement of human saliva and serum respectively, are the treasure of proteins with biomarkers (diagnostic and prognostic) potentials which may correlate with the ongoing pathophysiological transformations in the T_Sm exposed oral tissues (Anderson 2005; Jessie et al. 2010).