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The Kindling Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Published in Steven L. Peterson, Timothy E. Albertson, Neuropharmacology Methods in Epilepsy Research, 2019
The implantation of two electrodes can take between 45 and 90 min. A sufficient level of anesthesia must be maintained throughout this time. Sodium pentobarbital is a frequently used anesthetic and is administered directly into the peritoneal cavity (i.p.). The effective dose can vary depending on the strain of rat one is using. An adequate dose for Long Evans Hooded rats (between 250 and 500 g) is between 50 and 60 mg/kg. Alternatively one can use inhalant anesthetics such as halothane, which allows for better control of the depth of anesthesia. If using this latter method, it is important that an adequate ventilation or scavenger system be available as repeated exposure to low levels of halothane has been reported to have toxic effects. For assistance with doses and routes of anesthetic administration, consultation with animal care personnel is recommended.
Metronidazole
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Nonetheless, in the absence of strict anaerobic conditions or a polymicrobial infection simulating these conditions, aerobes and faculatatively anaerobic bacteria are resistant to metronidazole. This may be because oxygen is more electrophilic than metronidazole and hence, in the presence of oxygen, the radical anion of the reduced metronidazole is reoxidized to the parent compound with the concomitant production of superoxide anion (Perez-Reyes et al., 1980). This effect has been described as futile cycling. These toxic oxygen radicals are neutralized by an active scavenger system.
Veterinary Care
Published in Donna J. Clemons, Jennifer L. Seeman, The Laboratory GUINEA PIG, 2016
Donna J. Clemons, Jennifer L. Seeman
Gas anesthesia requires the use of specialized equipment. The anesthetic machine used for guinea pigs may be the same as that used for cats and dogs, or it may be specially made for rodents (Figure 34). To further administer the gaseous anesthetic, a face mask complete with a diaphragm that seals around the face (Figure 35) or an endotracheal tube is needed. Some gaseous anesthetic agents, such as isoflurane, may also be administered to guinea pigs via a nose cone, which can be made from an empty 12-mL syringe case with anesthetic-soaked cotton in the end, or in a bell jar with a tight-sealing lid. Disadvantages of these last two methods of administrations are lack of control of the depth of anesthesia and use of an appropriate hood to remove waste gas. Breath-holding in guinea pigs is so marked that induction in a chamber should not be performed without utilizing injectable anesthetic agents such as ketamine/xylazine prior to it. Breath-holding can result in a sudden deep breath of anesthetic gas followed by cardiac or respiratory arrest.205 A scavenger system for waste gas for the anesthetic machine is also a necessity. This may be a permanent method, or disposable gas traps may be purchased and added to the equipment.
CD133: beyond a cancer stem cell biomarker
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2019
Amir Barzegar Behrooz, Amir Syahir, Syahida Ahmad
O2– (superoxide), H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) and HO. (hydroxyl free radical) are different types of ROS. ROS are essential at both low and medium levels for various cellular functions such as proliferation, differentiation and survival [87,88]. Under physiological conditions in mammalian cells, ROS levels are maintained at a low level because of their high chemical reactivity. Maintaining this intracellular balance is achieved by the action of scavenger antioxidative enzyme systems [87]. Elevation of ROS levels under physiological conditions helps remove potentially pathogenic molecules from the cell, but an excessive amount of ROS production can lead to cell death. The amount of ROS in cancer cells is well known to be higher than in normal cells. This relative increase in ROS levels in cancer cells and CSCs can cause death as a result of DNA damage. In contrast, ROS levels are low in CSCs [89]. Recent studies in CD133+ glioblastoma and prostate CSCs have shown that activity of the antioxidant scavenger system in CSCs is higher than in non-CSCs, which keeps ROS levels in CSCs low [90]. In response to hypoxia, the production of ROS is elevated leading to increased levels of HIF-1α. HIF-1α helps increase the growth of cancer cells by increasing the expression of VEGF [91] (Figure 6).
Thymosin beta 4 regulation of actin in sepsis
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2018
Justin B. Belsky, Emanuel P. Rivers, Michael R. Filbin, Patty J. Lee, Daniel C. Morris
Given that F-actinemia is present in patients with septic shock, it is important to understand the potential deleterious effects of F-actinemia in circulation. G-actin can polymerize into its filamentous form when added to physiological buffers. However, when exposed to plasma, the ability to polymerize is regulated by an actin-scavenger system composed of various ABPs [32]. When the actin-scavenging system is overwhelmed (as seen with undetectable levels of TB4 in patients with septic shock), extracellular filamentous formation can occur. In rats exposed to increasing amounts of globular actin, the result was an increase in filamentous actin formation, endothelial injury, and microthrombi, which are also characteristics of sepsis pathology. These changes were not observed when rats were preincubated with an ABP [14]. It is possible that F-actin formation in the microvasculature contributes to microcirculatory flow disturbances through the creation of long-chain F-actin barriers that perturbs laminar flow. Additionally, F-actin can activate platelets [33], may interact with fibrin as a clot is formed [34,35], and cause perturbations in clot formation and lysis [36,37]. In another study, the addition of G-actin into plasma and its conversion to F-actin was toxic to cultured pulmonary endothelial cells [38]. It is thus hypothesized that excessive F-actin likely has pathological consequences in sepsis.
Protective effects of nanocurcumin against stress-induced deterioration in the intestine
Published in Stress, 2022
Azam Alinaghipour, Mahmoud Salami, Esmail Riahi, Ghorbangol Ashabi, Masoud Soheili, Fatemeh Nabavizadeh
Environmental stress-induced apoptosis is associated with increased oxidative stress (Xie et al., 2019). Oxidative stress is caused by an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the scavenger system (Song et al., 2020). We investigated oxidant/antioxidant balance by measuring serum nitric oxide (NO) glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC).