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Animal Source Foods
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Chemical risk includes residues in food due to antibiotics fed to chickens as well as the remnants of agricultural chemicals (pesticides, fertilizers, etc.) in animal feed. Exposure to chemical residues in food may cause cancer, chronic fatigue syndrome, immune deficiencies, and lung and nerve damage (86).
The FDA New Animal Drug Approval Process
Published in Rebecca A. Krimins, Learning from Disease in Pets, 2020
Jacob Michael Froehlich, Alice Ignaszewski, Anna O’Brien
Information from residue chemistry studies is used to assess the quantity and nature of residues in tissues derived from animals treated with new animal drugs. The metabolites humans may be exposed to when consuming meat from a treated animal are evaluated during toxicological studies using laboratory animals. A target tissue and a marker residue* are selected from the information provided about the drug metabolism in the target animal. A tolerance for the marker residue is determined using the safe concentration and by examining total residue and marker residue depletion data. The tolerance is the maximum concentration of a marker residue, or other residue indicated for monitoring, that can legally remain in a specific edible tissue of a treated animal.†
Essential Oils Used in Veterinary Medicine
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
K. Can Başer Hüsnü, Chlodwig Franz
Methylsalicylate, the main component of the essential oil of Gaultheria procumbens (wintergreen), is topically used as emulsion in cattle, horses, sheep, goats, and poultry in the treatment of muscular and articular pain. The recommended dose is 600 mg/kg bw twice a day. The duration of treatment is usually less than 1 week (EMA, 1999). It is included in Annex II of Council Regulation (EEC) No. 2377/90 as a substance that does not need an maximum residue limit (MRL) level. G. procumbens should not be used as flavoring in pet food since salicylates are toxic to dogs and cats. As cats metabolize salicylates much more slowly than other species, they are more likely to be overdosed. Use of methylsalicylate in combination with anticoagulants such as warfarin can result in adverse interactions and bleedings (Chow et al., 1989; Yip et al., 1990; Ramanathan, 1995; Tam et al., 1995).
Pesticides analysis in alternative biological matrices
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Luana C. Crocoli, Rafael A. Menck, Sidnei Moura
Studies have already demonstrated the presence of pesticides in environmental agents, such as water, soil and air, as well as in food, through direct or indirect contamination (Srivastav 2020). The presence of residues has also been detected in biological samples, such as blood, urine, breast milk, and hair. In addition to the ingestion of contaminated food, the presence of pesticides in this type of matrix is also indicative of direct exposure to these compounds. Along these lines, a study by Souza et al. (2020) identified the presence of nine organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the milk of mothers who had recently given birth in a hospital in northern Brazil. Extracting and analyzing the analytes present in the matrix fat, the pesticides with the highest average concentrations were methoxychlorine (1699.67 ng.g−1 of fat), dieldrin (774.62 ng.g−1 of fat), and endosulfan I (408.44 ng.g−1 of fat). These values found point to the current sources of contamination by dieldrin and endosulfan I, and past exposures to methoxychlorine, since, despite being banned in Brazil for more than 30 years, high levels of this pesticide are still detected (Souza et al.2020).
Analyzing pesticides and metal(loid)s in imported tobacco to Saudi Arabia and risk assessment of inhalation exposure to certain metals
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2022
Mohammed A. Al Mutairi, Hatim A. Al Herbish, Rakan S. Al-Ajmi, Hatim Z. Alhazmi, Reham A. Al-Dhelaan, Abdullah M. Alowaifeer
Tobacco plants can absorb and hold trace elements obtained from the soil (Kazi et al. 2009). These trace elements can be harmful to human health, even if ingested or inhaled at low concentrations (Behera et al. 2014). In addition, tobacco production involves using many chemicals, such as pesticides (Lecours et al. 2012). Pesticides are widely used before and after harvesting tobacco to protect against pests (Chapman 2003; Rahman et al. 2012). However, the excessive usage of pesticides leads to pesticide residues in a tobacco product that can make their way to the consumer (Khan et al. 2010). To ensure consumers' safety from pesticide exposure, government organizations established maximum residues levels (MRLs) for many pesticides. Both international organizations and different countries' legislation have set MRLs for pesticides in tobacco. However, the agricultural regulation for tobacco is generally poor due to the lack of MRLs, unlike food commodities (Quadroni and Bettinetti 2019). The Cooperation center for Scientific Research Relative to Tobacco (CORESTA) has created guidance for pesticide residue levels (GRLs) for 120 pesticides and their metabolites (ACAC 2020). The generated list is intended for tobacco farmers and people who work in tobacco manufacturing (Bernardi et al. 2016). The CORESTA 2020 list contains GRL values for pesticides from different classes, such as organochlorine, organophosphorus, and pyrethroids. However, the GRLs does not replace the MRLs since they are used only as a reference for tobacco growers.
Genotoxicity of selected pharmaceuticals, their binary mixtures, and varying environmental conditions – study with human adenocarcinoma cancer HT29 cell line
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2021
Monika Wieczerzak, Jacek Namieśnik, Błażej Kudłak
Mixtures of chemicals may be genotoxic despite the fact that the same compounds do not possess such properties when act separately, additionally, under environmental conditions, they may undergo various chemical or physical transformations, which can affect the toxicity of chemical compounds. Residues of drugs always occur in mixtures with other pollutants in the environment, impact of these environmental mixtures on human and animal organisms is a huge gap in knowledge as far as the environmental fate of these compounds is in stake. The lack of cheap and green technology that eliminates this type of chemical pollution from sewage causes the human and animal organisms to be constantly exposed to residues of pharmaceuticals. In our studies, we determined that environmental conditions such as a change in the pH of the solution resulted in increased toxicity of diclofenac, oxytetracycline, and fluoxetine, but only in a limited range of pH, chloramphenicol showed lower genotoxicity at low pH ranges. All ions, in particular, potassium, fluoride, and bromide, contributed to the reduction of toxicity of the pharmaceuticals tested, however, only in the case of diclofenac and fluoxetine antagonism was observed. The results indicate that synergism was mainly observed for mixtures of fluoxetine h. with diclofenac s. and chloramphenicol with oxytetracycline h. with fluoxetine h., chloramphenicol showed antagonistic interactions depending on the concentrations used.