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Principles of Clinical Pathology
Published in Pritam S. Sahota, James A. Popp, Jerry F. Hardisty, Chirukandath Gopinath, Page R. Bouchard, Toxicologic Pathology, 2018
Niraj K. Tripathi, Jacqueline M. Tarrant
Timed urine volume (e.g., overnight or 16 h) and a measure of urine concentration (urine specific gravity or osmolality) are two of the most valuable urinalysis parameters because they can demonstrate the concentrating ability of the kidneys and help correctly interpret other findings. For example, animals with findings suggesting dehydration (e.g., increased red cell mass and serum protein and urea nitrogen concentrations) should not have increased urine volume or decreased urine specific gravity if the kidneys are functioning properly. Urine specific gravity is an approximation of urine solute concentration and most frequently measured by refractometry. Urine osmolality is a more accurate estimation of urine solute concentration, but the added expense is rarely justified. Reagent strip-specific gravity measurements are inaccurate and should not be used in nonclinical studies. The potential for spurious results caused by problems with automatic watering systems should always be considered when evaluating urine volume and specific gravity data. Water contamination can result from faulty sipper tubes or animals that play with their water source; inadvertent disruption of the water supply can cause dehydration. Cage designs with recessed sipper tubes and grates that minimize water and food contamination, respectively, and refrigerated collection or urine collection over wet ice to reduce bacterial overgrowth are preferred for accurate urine assessments.
Spinning of Dialysis Grade Membranes
Published in Sirshendu De, Anirban Roy, Hemodialysis Membranes, 2017
The MWCO of the membranes was measured using the setup, with the dialysate circuit closed. The feed tank was filled with 10 kg/m3 of various polymeric solutions and a pressure of 10 mmHg was applied while maintaining a flow rate of 10 mL/min. The permeate coming out was collected, and the concentration was measured using a refractometer. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the dialysis fibers were taken to study the surface morphology.
Wavefront sensors
Published in Pablo Artal, Handbook of Visual Optics, 2017
In ophthalmology, the term “wavefront sensing” is used in parallel with “aberrometry” and “spatially resolved refractometry.” They have different origins, but they have the same meaning of acquiring the information on the optical system of the eye. Wavefront sensing originates from physics, especially from astronomy and from military applications of lasers. Aberrometry is a term in wide use in optics, as a means to describe the quality of optics. Spatially resolved refractometry was introduced to characterize nonhomogeneity of refractive properties of the eye. The acquired information on refractive imperfections of the ocular optics is presented in the form of mathematical expressions and displayed in the form of maps, other diagrams, and parameters.
Simultaneous assessment of motor and cognitive tasks reveals reductions in working memory performance following exercise in the heat
Published in Temperature, 2022
Zachary J. Schlader, Jacqueline Schwob, David Hostler, Lora Cavuoto
Height and weight were measured with a stadiometer and scale (Satorius Corp., Bohemia, NY, USA). Urine-specific gravity was measured using a handheld refractometer (Atago, Bellevue, WA). Nude body weight was measured pre- and post-exercise after towel drying. Heart rate was measured using a standard heart rate monitor (Polar Electro, Bethpage, NY, USA). Approximately 90 minutes prior to experimental testing, each subject swallowed a telemetry pill (HQ Inc., Palmetto, FL, USA) for the measurement of core temperature. This approach provides a valid measure of core temperature, particularly when drinking is prohibited [29]. Mean skin temperature was measured as the weighted average of four thermochron iButtons (Maxim Integrated, San Jose, CA, USA) using the following equation: 0.3 · (chest + triceps) + 0.2 · (quadriceps + calf) [30].
Epidemiology of Childhood Blindness and Low Vision in Kinshasa–democratic Republic of the Congo
Published in Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 2020
Ngoy Janvier Kilangalanga, Lusambo Nadine Nsiangani, Ahuka Angele Dilu, Kapopo Astrid Moanda, Muleya Josette Ilunga, Mankiew Emile Makwanga, Thomas Stahnke, Rudolf Guthoff
All identified children were referred to an examination site, close to their home place, where they were invited to undergo a comprehensive ophthalmological examination performed by two ophthalmologists. Socio-demographic characteristics, associated disabilities and family history of visual impairment were noted. For verbal children (3–15 years), vision was assessed by using the Snellen E-chart after explanation and demonstration to the children. The chart was placed at a distance of 6 m and each eye was first tested separately and thereafter bilaterally. Any eye that failed a VA of 6/18 was tested with a pinhole. For preverbal children (0–3 years), visual function was tested by assessing the child’s ability to fixate a light source. Objective refraction was measured with a non-mydriatic handheld auto-refractometer (PlusOptix P12, Germany). We measured intraocular pressure by using a handheld tonometer that didn’t need any anesthetic medication (Icare TAO1, Finland).
Atherogenic index of plasma is related to arterial stiffness but not to blood pressure in normotensive and never-treated hypertensive subjects
Published in Blood Pressure, 2019
Manoj Kumar Choudhary, Arttu Eräranta, Jenni Koskela, Antti J. Tikkakoski, Pasi I. Nevalainen, Mika Kähönen, Jukka Mustonen, Ilkka Pörsti
Blood and urine sampling was performed after ∼12 hours of fasting. Plasma total, HDL-C, LDL-C, triglycerides, C-reactive protein (CRP), sodium, potassium, glucose, cystatin-C, and creatinine concentrations were determined using Cobas Integra 700/800 (F. Hoffmann-Laroche Ltd, Basel; Switzerland) or Cobas6000, module c501 (Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland), insulin using electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (Cobas e411, Roche Diagnostics), and blood cell count by ADVIA 120 or 2120 (Bayer Health Care, Tarrytown, NY, USA). To exclude patients with renal disease, urine dipstick analysis was made by an automated refractometer test (Siemens Clinitec Atlas or Advantus, Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Erlangen, Germany). AIP was defined as Lg10(plasma triglycerides/plasma HDL-C) [18–21]. Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) was calculated for evaluation of insulin sensitivity [29], and glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was estimated using the CKD-EPI cystatin C formula [30].