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Smart Software for Real-Time Image Analysis
Published in Abdel-Badeeh M. Salem, Innovative Smart Healthcare and Bio-Medical Systems, 2020
Marius Popescu, Antoanela Naaji
A digital image is the representation of a real image, being constituted as a two-dimensional data structure, which can be natural numbers, complex numbers, or real numbers represented on a finite number of bits. An image element is called pixel, the whole image being composed of a string of octets. The color components of pixel are red, green, and blue (RGB). The image formats are known according to their file extension, such as bitmap (BMP), the gross form of the image; Joint Photographic Expert Group (JPG), intended to compress the images taken from reality; Graphic Interchange Format (GIF), a good quality format and very strong compression; Tagged Image File Format (TIF), used for professional photos due to its versatility and nondestructive compression; Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM), used for medical images; and raw, which contain the entire information that was captured by the sensor at the moment of the shooting.
Laparoscopic versus Open Colorectal Resection: An Evidence-Based Review
Published in Haribhakti Sanjiv, Laparoscopic Colorectal Surgery, 2020
Last but not least, at the present time, appropriate surgical tumor management is defined by the tissue specimen being retrieved. Gross and microscopic pathology are core elements of tumor staging, and are relevant prognostic and predictive factors for treatment planning of a multimodality management. A new form of surgery combining the use of surgery and real-time image guidance has gained popularity in the field of surgical research. Cybernetic surgery is a combination of augmented skills, such as augmented reality and computer generated realistic 3D environments with real image guidance. The main goal is to increase the safety and accuracy of surgical procedures. Also, the use of near-infrared fluorescence (NIF) provides an expansion for the application of laparoscopic and robotic surgery. NIF can be used to assess blood supply and sentinel lymph node mapping in both colorectal and gastroesophageal surgeries. Intraoperative indocyanine green (ICG) use can help in identifying the vascular and biliary anatomy, assessing organ and tissue perfusion, mapping lymph nodes, and real-time identification of lesions. In trying to predict future research, human and artificial intelligence may be considered one of the main target areas in new surgical platforms.
Objective and Camera Lenses
Published in Robert J. Parelli, Principles of Fluoroscopic Image Intensification and Television Systems, 2020
Discussion, to this point, has dealt with real images (i.e., images created by the actual intersection of light rays). If a piece of diffusing material, such as ground glass (lens), is placed in the plane of the image, it can be made visible. This real image is a necessary requirement of any photographic system in which the image must be displayed on film. In certain optical instruments, there is a second class of images called virtual images. A virtual image cannot be projected onto a diffusing screen but exists only for computational purposes and is used for calculating magnification and subsequent image position. The ordinary magnifying glass produces an example of a virtual image.
Special Interest Connection Framework: Integrating Pop Culture Into Art Therapy With Autistic Individuals
Published in Art Therapy, 2022
Popular culture can be used as as a social buffer to address topics that may be uncomfortable for the participant. This may include actions such as creating artwork and comic strips and role-play with preferred characters to engage in non-preferred topics, such as getting in trouble or dealing with grief. Popular culture perseverations may also be deployed to identify and process relevant emotions or build coping skills through a character’s example. For instance, according to my clinical notes I asked one participant to create images of calm and anger, with the goal of anger management. The participant created these images and then stated that the calm image was a “real” image whereas the anger image was from a TV show. This child certainly had many “real” examples of anger but was more comfortable discussing and describing this feeling through a reference to his preferred TV show.
Surface-modified polymeric nanoparticles for drug delivery to cancer cells
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2021
Arsalan Ahmed, Shumaila Sarwar, Yong Hu, Muhammad Usman Munir, Muhammad Farrukh Nisar, Fakhera Ikram, Anila Asif, Saeed Ur Rahman, Aqif Anwar Chaudhry, Ihtasham Ur Rehman
Microscopic studies are conducted to elucidate the morphology and topography of nanoparticles. The structural information clarifies other features such as hydrophobicity, agglomeration, and interaction with cells. In microscopic imaging techniques, two main approaches are employed to obtain a real image of the sample. First, the sample surface is scanned point by point using a probe beam of smaller diameter. Examples of this category are Scanning electron microscope (SEM), field emission SEM (FESEM), Scanning tunneling microscope, and scanning probe microscope (SPM). Second, the surface is illuminated with electron beam, and a direct image is obtained via the optical path of instrument. Representative examples of this type include optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) [138]. In electron microscopy, SEM or FESEM provide two-dimensional imaging, which could provide information about size, shape, distribution, and hierarchy of surface features of polymeric nanoparticles. Furthermore, Atomic force microscopy (AFM), an example of SPM, can give three-dimensional imaging. It also determines the size, morphology, surface texture, roughness, distribution, and nanoparticle volume [139].
A fully coupled porous media and channels flow approach for simulation of blood and bile flow through the liver lobules
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2019
Considering a set of lobules, one can simulate the fluid flow through a liver slice. The blood flow pressure contours along with the its velocity vectors in a cross-section of the liver represented both regular and irregular shape lobules are given in Figure 8. As expected for regular hexagonal lobules, the results corresponding to the Darcy and Brinkman equations are similar as shown in Figure 8(a and b). The same behaviour is observed for irregular lobules within the liver slice (Figure 8(c and d)). Comparing to a real image of the liver cross-section shown in Figure 1(b), one can easily find that these results exhibit the general structure of the real liver section along with the fluid flow pattern within the liver section, simultaneously. These results give a better understanding of the liver blood circulation mechanism and facilitate further works on different study areas, such as drug delivery which needs a correct representation of fluid flow within the liver lobules.