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Special Considerations in Pediatric Nuclear Medicine
Published in Michael Ljungberg, Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists, 2022
Sofie Lindskov Hansen, Søren Holm, Liselotte Højgaard, Lise Borgwardt
The degree of detriment to biological tissue caused by radiation depends, not only on the type of radiation, but also on the type of tissue irradiated. The same equivalent dose delivered to two different tissues will result in different overall risks of radiation damage. For example, an equivalent dose of 1 mSv absorbed in the brain will not cause the same risk as 1 mSv absorbed in the lung or breast tissue. The tissue weighting factors reported in the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) 103 for radiation-protection purposes assign a 12 times higher (risk) value to the lungs and breast tissue than to the brain [7]. For this reason, girls in particular are at greater risk of developing secondary cancers as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation. In order to take the different tissue sensitivities into account, the effective dose is calculated. The effective dose is measured in Sievert (Sv) and is used to represent the stochastic health risk of an examination. It takes into account both the type of radiation and the radio-sensitivity of the organ or tissue irradiated.
Radiobiology of Normal Tissues
Published in W. P. M. Mayles, A. E. Nahum, J.-C. Rosenwald, Handbook of Radiotherapy Physics, 2021
It is now accepted that individual radiosensitivity is a genetically determined trait. Following the identification of ataxia telangiectasia, a number of other inherited syndromes were shown to be associated with an increased risk of damage by radiotherapy. These syndromes were identified because of unusually severe reactions to radiotherapy. The genes associated with these syndromes have now been identified, e.g. ataxia telangiectasia (ATM gene), Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS) and Ligase IV syndrome (LIG4). Patients with these syndromes cannot tolerate normal doses of radiotherapy; their cells exhibit increased radiosensitivity.
Developments of Health Care: A Brief History of Medicine
Published in P. Mereena Luke, K. R. Dhanya, Didier Rouxel, Nandakumar Kalarikkal, Sabu Thomas, Advanced Studies in Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 2021
P. Mereena Luke, K. R. Dhanya, Tomy Muringayil Joseph, Józef T. Haponiuk, Didier Rouxel, S. Thomas
S.W. Goldberg and Efim (London) used radiation therapy for cancer treatment for the first time (1903). They used radium to treat two skin basal cell carcinoma patients and in both patients, the disease was eradicated. Radiation therapy can be used to treat nearly all types of solid tumors, including the brain, breast, cervix, larynx, liver, lung, pancreas, prostate, skin, stomach, uterus, or soft tissue sarcomas, leukemia, and lymphoma [68]. The dose of radiation at each site depends on several factors of factors, including the radiosensitivity of each type of cancer and surrounding tissues or organs, etc., radiation therapy eliminates cancer cells by damaging their DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). The significant benefits of radiotherapy have facilitated the implementation of modern, sophisticated methods for treatment, therapy, delivery, and imaging to be executed into regular radiation oncology practice.
Gene expression for biodosimetry and effect prediction purposes: promises, pitfalls and future directions – key session ConRad 2021
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2022
Patrick Ostheim, Sally A. Amundson, Christophe Badie, Dimitry Bazyka, Angela C. Evans, Shanaz A. Ghandhi, Maria Gomolka, Milagrosa López Riego, Peter K. Rogan, Robert Terbrueggen, Gayle E. Woloschak, Frederic Zenhausern, Hanns L. Kaatsch, Simone Schüle, Reinhard Ullmann, Matthias Port, Michael Abend
Acute radiation syndrome (ARS) is caused by massive and sudden cell death and multiple radiation exposure characteristics (e.g. radiation quality, dose fractionation, dose rate, and partial/TBI) as well as biological processes (e.g. radiosensitivity, cell cycle dependency, and oxygenation) are known to contribute (Hall and Giaccia 2012). Examination of radiation-induced GE changes downstream of radiation exposure and upstream of the ARS event provide the basis of introducing radiation-related biomarkers for effect prediction (Abend and Port 2016; Port et al. 2018, 2021). Compared to dose estimation, this integrative approach appears more robust and easier to follow for clinicians, since GE changes are allocated to clinically defined ARS severity categories (see below) associated with certain treatment options.
Descriptive characteristics of occupational exposures and medical follow-up in the cohort of workers of the Siberian Group of Chemical Enterprises in Seversk, Russia
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2021
Andrey B. Karpov, Ravil M. Takhauov, Andrey G. Zerenkov, Yulia V. Semenova, Igor M. Bogdanov, Svetlana B. Kazantceva, Aleksey P. Blinov, Dmitriy E. Kalinkin, Galina V. Gorina, Olesya V. Litvinova, Yuriy D. Ermolaev, Elena B. Mironova, Mikhail B. Plaksin, Anas R. Takhauov, Lydia B. Zablotska
The cohort has been followed up for mortality and cancer incidence for over 60 years and presents a unique opportunity for conducting research on the medical and biological effects of low-dose chronic radiation exposure. Additionally, the database contains one of the largest banks of biological material in the world (Takhauov et al. 2015). The bank allows researchers to conduct studies of genetic effects of radiation exposure as well as examine the mechanisms and markers of individual radiosensitivity. Thus, the cohort of SGCE workers is uniquely suited to investigate the effects of long-term occupational radiation exposure in a range of low doses. The work on this cohort continues and we plan to contribute the data to the international pooled analysis of uranium processing workers (iPAUW) (Zablotska 2019).
Potential screening assays for individual radiation sensitivity and susceptibility and their current validation state
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2020
Maria Gomolka, Benjamin Blyth, Michel Bourguignon, Christophe Badie, Annette Schmitz, Christopher Talbot, Christoph Hoeschen, Sisko Salomaa
The MELODI Workshop on Individual Radiosensitivity and Radiosusceptibility, held in Malta in March 2018, had objectives to consider the current state of the science regarding radiosensitivity and radiosusceptibility, and to work out recommendations with regard to personalized medicine and radiological protection (WP1). A review of the biological mechanisms involved in both radiosensitivity and radiosusceptibility is made in a companion paper of this issue of this journal (WP2). The goal of this article (WP3) is to review the potential screening assays for individual radiation sensitivity and susceptibility and to assess their current validation state as well as potential ideas for future approaches. The associated ethical and legal issues are addressed in another article of this journal (WP5).