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Overview of Traditional Methods of Diagnosis and Treatment for Women-Associated Cancers
Published in Shazia Rashid, Ankur Saxena, Sabia Rashid, Latest Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment of Women-Associated Cancers, 2022
Malika Ranjan, Namyaa Kumar, Safiya Arfi, Shazia Rashid
Radiation therapy uses high-power energy beams such as x-rays, protons, given for specific number of times for a particular duration to eliminate cancer cells from the organ. Radiation therapy is given either externally by directing a radiation beam at an affected area or internally by placing a device filled with radioactive material inside within or near tumour. For some cancers, radiation is the only treatment required, whereas it may also be used as a part of combined multimodality treatment for other types. Some common side effects from radiation therapy includes fatigue, skin reaction, reduce bowel movements and abdominal pain. Advanced radiotherapy techniques, such as intensity-modulated RT (IMRT), have been shown to reduce treatment-related toxic effects in women [21].
Nuclear Medicine Imaging and Therapy
Published in Debbie Peet, Emma Chung, Practical Medical Physics, 2021
David Towey, Lisa Rowley, Debbie Peet
The unsealed nature of radioactive material in Nuclear Medicine applications means that the risk of contamination must be considered. Gloves will always be worn when handling unsealed material. Drip trays and absorbent material will also be used and disposed of appropriately in the event of any drips or spills.
Radiation injuries
Published in Jan de Boer, Marcel Dubouloz, Handbook of Disaster Medicine, 2020
Yves Jouchoux, Christophe Boyer
The α and ß radiations have strong ionising power, but their track in air is short: a few centimetres for alpha radiation and a few metres for beta radiation. In water, these distances are reduced to a few micrometres and a few millimetres. They have little power to enter into matter and therefore are not very dangerous as ‘external sources’ of irradiation (external contamination). The hazard they pose is much greater in the case of internal irradiation that occurs when radioactive material is ingested because of this same ionising power (internal contamination). The track length grows as the energy of the radiation increases.
mRNA and small RNA gene expression changes in peripheral blood to detect internal Ra-223 exposure
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2022
Patrick Ostheim, Matthias Miederer, Mathias Schreckenberger, Tim Nestler, Manuela A. Hoffmann, Michael Lassmann, Uta Eberlein, Vahe Barsegian, Alexis Rump, Mattháus Majewski, Matthias Port, Michael Abend
In such an RDD scenario, exposure of hundreds or thousands of people may occur. Besides mechanical trauma and direct irradiation, a much larger number of people may be externally contaminated by radioactive material with the concomitant danger of radionuclide incorporation and internal contamination (Rump et al. 2018). Acute radiation syndrome would be unexpected from radionuclide(s) incorporation, except in special cases such as the Litvinenko poisoning (Harrison et al. 2017). However, irradiation accompanied by internal contamination may cause long-term stochastic health effects (e.g. cancer). As an initial therapy, decorporation agents to eliminate internal radionuclides can be administered, and thus absorbed dose can be reduced and the adverse health effects minimized. Therapeutic efficacy decreases if therapy with decorporation agents is initiated too late and in most cases the time window is hours to several days in order to achieve acceptable results. This also depends on the types of radionuclides, the physicochemical properties and the metabolic pathway (Rump et al. 2016, 2017). Considering limited doses of decorporation antidotes in a nuclear mass casualty event, exposed individuals needing urgent treatment must be prioritized (Chaudhry 2008; Rump et al. 2018). Radiation dose from physical dosimetry (like measurements by monitoring portals) are thought to be sufficient for sensitive and high throughput triage in gamma-radionuclide exposure situations, but fall short for inhalation, ingestion or absorption routes.
Mortality from leukemia, cancer and heart disease among U.S. nuclear power plant workers, 1957–2011
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2022
John D. Boice, Sarah S. Cohen, Michael T. Mumma, Derek A. Hagemeyer, Heidi Chen, Ashley P. Golden, R. Craig Yoder, Lawrence T. Dauer
Most radiation exposures received by nuclear power plant workers were from penetrating external gamma radiation with only a negligible contribution coming from neutrons or intakes of radioactive material (Bouville et al. 2015; Dauer et al. 2018; NCRP 2018a). Annual personal dose equivalents, Hp(10), were available from the REIRS and Landauer files. Radiation doses from all places of employment were sought by linking the study roster to the Radiation Exposure Monitoring System (REMS) maintained by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) (DOE 2021), other DOE dosimetry databases, and U.S. military service dosimetry databases. All doses were combined to create annual dose estimates for each worker following methods previously described (Boice et al. 2006; Ellis, Boice et al. 2018). Overall, the mean cumulative Hp(10) was estimated as 19.5 mSv for all 425,713 workers eligible for the study, 52.6 mSv for the study cohort of 135,193 workers, and 61.3 mSv for the 115,288 workers with cumulative doses >10 mSv (maximum 1.32 Sv).
Educational dialogue on public perception of nuclear radiation
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2022
Varsha Hande, Karthik Prathaban, M. Prakash Hande
Multiple field visits were arranged to demonstrate how nuclear radiation is used in various fields, as well as the safe disposal of radioactive material. Field visits were conducted at:The TRIGA PUSPATI (RTP) nuclear research reactor operated by the Malaysian Nuclear Energy (Agensi Nuklear Malaysia) as well as the neighboring radioactive waste management facility (unfortunately visit was not possible in 2020 due to Covid-19 restrictions). (Figures 3 and 4). The Sinagama Cobalt-60 food and medical devices irradiation facility operated by the Malaysian Institute of Nuclear Technology Research (MINTEC)Imaging and radiation therapy facilities within radiation oncology divisions at the National University Hospital (Figures 5 and 6) and the National Cancer Center Singapore.