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Stimulus-Receptive Conductive Polymers for Tissue Engineering
Published in Naznin Sultana, Sanchita Bandyopadhyay-Ghosh, Chin Fhong Soon, Tissue Engineering Strategies for Organ Regeneration, 2020
Polypyrrole (PPy), the conductive synthetic polymer, possesses good in vivo and in vitro biocompatibility. Many researchers have demonstrated that PPy can support the growth of large variety of cell types including endothelial cells (Huang et al. 2007, Williams and Doherty 1994, Collier et al. 2000), fibroblasts (Zhang et al. 2001, Wang et al. 2003), keratinocytes (Wang et al. 2003), bone cells (Collier et al. 2000), neural cells (Zhang et al. 2001, Wang et al. 2003, Ateh et al. 2006b), and mesenchymal stem cells (Ateh et al. 2006b). Iodine-doped PPy and PPy-polyethylene glycol (PEO) were fabricated by Olayo et al. and these polymers were proven to be biocompatible with trans-sectioned spinal cord tissue after implantation, demonstrating the suitability of this conducting polymer for the repair of spinal cord damage (Richardson et al. 2007). The composite of PPy-PLGA meshes was also verified to be biocompatible with PC-12 cells.
Nanoparticles for Cardiovascular Medicine: Trends in Myocardial Infarction Therapy
Published in Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
Gelatin (Gel) is a natural, versatile, polypeptide biopolymer; it is an appealing carrier material due to its low production cost, abundant supply, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and ease of modification through its many active groups (Elzoghby 2013; Azarmi et al. 2006). Gel is obtained from the hydrolysis of collagen and has shown strong potential as a drug carrier for controlled release (Bajpai and Choubey 2006). The different mechanical properties (thermal range, swelling) of Gel rely on its amphoteric interactions and degree of cross-linking density (Saxena et al. 2005). Fang et al. loaded gel nanoparticles with mollusc-derived 6-bromoindirubin-3-oxime (BIO) (Fang et al. 2015). BIO was shown to inhibit glycogen synthase kinase-3, induce cardiomyocyte and endothelial cell dedifferentiation, and lead to the promotion of mature cardiomyocyte proliferation (Tseng et al. 2006; Leri et al. 2014). In addition, Gel nanoparticles loaded with insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), a cytokine involved in cardiomyocyte growth and survival (Torella et al. 2004; Shafiq et al. 2018), were also synthesised. Codelivery by daily intramyocardial injection of BIO and IGF-1 to the MI area maintained nondetrimental levels of therapeutic agents and increased resident cardiac cells in rat MI models. BIO also promoted dedifferentiation and proliferation of terminally differentiated cardiomyocytes, as evidenced through cytoskeletal rearrangement and inhibited cardiac troponin-T expression (Tseng et al. 2006). Local delivery and sustained expression of IGF-1 increased angiogenesis and rescued cardiac function. Codelivery of BIO and IGF-1 significantly improved revascularisation, heart functional recovery, and supported the proliferation of resident cardiomyocytes (Fang et al. 2015). He et al. took advantage of the facile adaptability of gel by loading polypyrrole, a conductive and electrically stable polymer, into methyl acrylic anhydride-modified gel (GelMA) nanoparticles (He et al. 2018). This modification enabled the facile dopamine cross-linking of nanoparticles into a mussel-inspired GelMA/polycaprolactone hydrogel delivery scaffolds or heart patches. GelMA nanoparticles shaped and neutralised toxicity of polypyrrole during oxidative polymerisation, thus conveying preferable biocompatibility at high concentrations. The high conductivity of heart patches promoted cardiomyocyte function, enhanced revascularisation, and reduced inflammatory infiltration into the MI area – both in the presence and absence of exogenous cardiomyocytes.
Development of polypyrrole/collagen/nano-strontium substituted bioactive glass composite for boost sciatic nerve rejuvenation in vivo
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2019
Bo Lin, Guoqing Dun, Dongzhu Jin, Yaowu Du
As a way to accomplish this, analysts have considered electroconducting macromolecules, for example, polyphosphazene, polyaniline and polypyrrole. They have been researched as of late for various applications in the field of biosensor and clinical and have been appeared to have phenomenal electrical properties [7,8]. For clinical applications, polypyrrole has been the most generally contemplated [9,10]. In addition to the fact that it has the astounding electrical characteristic, biological examinations have demonstrated it to have great cell and tissue similarity. Moreover, polypyrrole is anything but difficult to blend, has a promptly adjustable exterior, and is economical, which are all inconceivably engaging for tissue building purposes. In this way, polypyrrole has been perceived as a promising platform substance for neural prostheses and nerve tissue designing [11]. Consequent investigations have concentrated on advancing the macromolecule platforms by fusing different prompts, for example, cell glue atoms, geographical highlights and neurotrophins, underscoring the significance of numerous sign for increased adjustment of neuronal reactions [12,13].
Recent approaches to ameliorate selectivity and sensitivity of enzyme based cholesterol biosensors: a review
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Anjum Gahlaut, Vinita Hooda, Vikas Dhull, Vikas Hooda
Polymers have gained great deal of scientific attention to be used as support for enzyme immobilization. More specifically the conducting polymers have gathered considerable interest due to their high-electrical conductivity, optical properties and mechanical strength. Conducting polymers like polypyrrole (PPy), polyaniline (PANI), polythiophene (PT) can be synthesized chemically by electrochemical polymerization [27]. These properties of polymers are exploited by using polymer matrix in transducer for enhancing the signal response and stability of biosensor. Cholesterol hydrolysing enzymes ChO and ChE has been immobilized on conducting polypyrrole films [28], PB/Polypyrrole (PPy) composite film [29], electropolymerized PPy films [30], poly(3-thiopheneacetic acid film/Pt electrode [31] and PANI–pTSA-Ag/ITO [32]. Chitosan (CS) is a green polymer due to its biodegradability and biocompatibility. It also shows high affinity for proteins and availability of reactive functional groups for chemical modifications which make it a perfect enzyme immobilization support [33]. Transducers have been fabricated using nano ZnO film on chitosan [34], Pt-Pd NPs-CS-GS nanocomposite [35], CNT-CS/GCE [36]. Along with conducting polymers non conducting matrices are suitable for enzyme immobilization. PVC is chemically inert insulating matrix. It has also been used to immobilize cholesterol hydrolysing enzymes. ChO and ChE were covalently immobilized on surface of PVC beaker which act as reaction cell and HRP was incorporated in carbon electrode [37].
Chidamide stacked in magnetic polypyrrole nano-composites counter thermotolerance and metastasis for visualized cancer photothermal therapy
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Sizhen Wang, Zhiqiang Ma, Zhang Shi, Ying Huang, Tianheng Chen, Lei Hou, Tao Jiang, Feng Yang
As a combining strategy, chemo-PTT could promote drug delivery into tumors as the generated hyperthermia (Juan et al., 2018; Yihan et al., 2021; Zheng et al., 2021). Another reason why polypyrrole could significantly increase drug delivery efficiency is the π-π stack bond between CDM and polypyrrole. As shown in Table S1, due to the strong interaction between polypyrrole and CDM by π-π stack bond, CMPP has a much higher drug loading rate (12.92 ± 0.45%), as compared to Fe3O4@nSiO2 (an iron core photothermal carrier previously reported in our group, the drug-loading efficiency was only 3.4%) (Zhan et al., 2017; Anh et al., 2021).