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Vaccine Adjuvants in Immunotoxicology
Published in Mesut Karahan, Synthetic Peptide Vaccine Models, 2021
Nanoparticles are manufactured using albumin, collagen, starch, chitosan, and dextran out of natural polymers and polymethylmethacrylate, polyesters, polyanhydrides, and polyamides among synthetic polymers (Li et al. 2014). There are biodegradable or non-biodegradable polymers. Non-biodegradable polymers may cause unexpected effects by accumulation in the body. In the vaccine studies, the characteristics such as toxic effects of the polymer on the organism, antigen release speed capacity, stability status under storage conditions, and stability in the in vivo conditions should be taken into account in making a decision for an ideal polymer carrier system (Skwarczynski and Toth 2011, 2016). The comprehensive toxicity tests for several synthetic polymers such as polyesters, polylactic acid (PLA), polyglycolic acid, and their copolymers poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) have been carried out and they are FDA-approved for use in humans (Li et al. 2014; Cordeiro and Alonso 2016). The most commonly used biodegradable polymers are PLA, PLGA, polyglutamic acid (PGA), polycaprolactone (PCL), and polyhydroxybutyrate. PLGA is the most frequently used polymer in the nanoparticle studies (Li et al. 2014). Skwarczynski and Toth (2011) have reported in their study that MUC-1 peptide vaccine assembled into PLGA nanoparticle carrier system accompanied with adjuvant MPLA created immune response by inducing T cells. However, it has been noted in the same article that need for use of adjuvant in the PLGA-based systems still continues (Skwarczynski and Toth 2011).
The Igaki–Tamai stent: The legacy of the work of Hideo Tamai
Published in Yoshinobu Onuma, Patrick W.J.C. Serruys, Bioresorbable Scaffolds, 2017
Soji Nishio, Kunihiko Kosuga, Eisho Kyo, Takafumi Tsuji, Masaharu Okada, Shinsaku Takeda, Yasutaka Inuzuka, Tatsuhiko Hata, Yuzo Takeuchi, Junya Seki, Shigeru Ikeguchi
In the 1990s, the biocompatibility of polymers for BRSs, including poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA), was controversial. Zidar et al. [2] reported minimal inflammatory reaction and minimal neointimal hyperplasia with the use of PLLA stents in canine femoral arteries. On the other hand, Van der Giessen et al. [3] observed a marked inflammatory response after implantation of each of five different bioresorbable polymer stents (polyglycolic acid [PGA]/polylactic acid, polycaprolactone, polyhydroxybutyrate valerate, polyorthoester, and polyethyleneoxide/polybutylene terephthalate), in a porcine coronary artery model. Finally, in 1999, the issue of the biocompatibility of polymers was resolved by the development of the Igaki–Tamai stent (Kyoto Medical Planning Co, Ltd, Kyoto, Japan) (Figure 6.14.1) [4]. This was the first-in-human fully BRSs constructed of PLLA. Its development was the successful outcome of a continuous process of trial and error.
Different applications of temperature responsive nanogels as a new drug delivery system mini review
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2023
Reyhaneh Sam, Mahsan Divanbeigi Kermani, Mandana Ohadi, Soodeh Salarpour, Gholamreza Dehghannoudeh
In regenerative medicine, TRENDS is also used to regenerate bone tissue, which is receiving more attention these days (Grimaudo et al. 2019). As well as providing shape, bone offers mechanical support and protection for the body, allowing it to move most freely (Burr 2019). A hydroxyapatite crystal and inorganic calcium phosphate nanoparticles form the organic extracellular matrix of bone (Danna and Leucht 2019). Bones undergo natural remodeling by adapting to mechanical stress and repairing minor injuries (Tanaka et al. 2005). Injectable formulations made of acryloyl-modified CHPOA nanogels (5 mg/ml in phosphate-buffered saline, 1 mg/ml W9-peptide) crosslinked with pentaerythritol tetra(mercaptoethyl)polyoxyethylene was used for encapsulation of the same peptide. W9-peptide was not released rapidly from nanogels due to crosslinking (Sato et al. 2015). It has also been explored to encapsulate compounds that actively promote bone regeneration. Lithium-neutralized PAAc nanogels were incorporated into a biodegradable polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) matrix film to tune drug release mechanisms from diffusion controlled to degradation controlled (Larsson et al. 2014).
Ficus carica extract impregnated amphiphilic polymer scaffold for diabetic wound tissue regenerations
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2021
Jia Feng, Yu Niu, Yi Zhang, Hong Zuo, Shujin Wang, Xufeng Liu
Synthetic biodegradable polymers normally applied in wound regenerations include polyxylitol, polyethylene oxide (PEO), polyhydroxyl butyrate, polyvinylalcohol (PVA) and polyurethane [11]. Their hydrophilic nature grants significant utilitarian injury repair qualities, for example, dampness ingestion limit and water absorption capacity, which permit support of a sodden injury condition while maintaining a strategic distance from the assortment of overabundance exudates [12]. The engineered polymeric wound covering materials can be created utilizing different procedures, for example, electrospinning and hydrogel synthesis [9]. The hydrophobic polymer of poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid) (PHB) has been used as biomaterials for tissue regeneration due to its biodegradable nature and excellent biocompatibility [13]. Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and gelatin (GEL), combined collagen (COL) nanofibres prepared as impersonates extracellular network and fills in as a successful biomaterial for extracellular matrix (ECM) designing uses, particularly for wound recuperating. The developed PHB-GEL-OSA-COL nanofibres are inspiring mechanical constancy, a vital obligation for wound repairing [14].
Understanding the basis of medical use of poly-lactide-based resorbable polymers and composites – a review of the clinical and metabolic impact
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2019
Sergiu Vacaras, Mihaela Baciut, Ondine Lucaciu, Cristian Dinu, Grigore Baciut, Liana Crisan, Mihaela Hedesiu, Bogdan Crisan, Florin Onisor, Gabriel Armencea, Ileana Mitre, Ioan Barbur, Winfried Kretschmer, Simion Bran
Other biodegradable polyesters in use are:PHA – polyhydroxyalkanoatesPHH – polyydroxyhexanoatesPHB – polyhydroxybutyratePHV – polyhydroxyvaleratePCL – polycaprolactonePBS – polybutylene succinatePBSA – polybutylene succinate adipateAAC – aliphatic–aromatic copolyestersPET – polyethylene terephthalatePBAT – polybutylene adipate/terephthalatePTMAT – polymethylene adipate/terephthalate (Nampoothiri et al. 2010)