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Beta and Alpha Particle Autoradiography
Published in Michael Ljungberg, Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists, 2022
Anders Örbom, Brian W. Miller, Tom Bäck
14C is a common radionuclide for autoradiography, for example in this 2017 study by Asano and colleagues where both phosphor storage plates and film emulsion imaging is used to detect the distribution of 14C-SA22465 in rabbit eyelids and eyes [31]. A more exotic animal model is used by Soubaneh and colleagues in their 2019 study where the distribution of 14C-labelled amide multi-walled carbon nanotubes was imaged using whole body phosphor storage autoradiography of fish exposed to water containing the tracer [41].
Solid-State Dose Measuring Devices
Published in W. P. M. Mayles, A. E. Nahum, J.-C. Rosenwald, Handbook of Radiotherapy Physics, 2021
TL detectors are generated either naturally or by doping phosphors with a very small percentage of activators (LiF:Mg,Ti is lithium fluoride doped with magnesium and titanium, Li2B4O7:Cu is lithium borate doped with copper, etc.). It should be noted that the characteristics of the pure phosphor dosimeters may differ considerably from those of the composite and depend widely on the percentage of activators (Wall et al. 1982). They are available in the form of powder, solid dosimeters made of polycrystalline extrusions (rods, sintered pellets or extremity chips) or powder bonded to a polypropylene and plastic substrate (Martin et al. 2000).
Image Intensifier System
Published in Robert J. Parelli, Principles of Fluoroscopic Image Intensification and Television Systems, 2020
The image intensifier tube is an evacuated glass envelope, a vacuum tube, which contains four basic parts (Figure 1.1):Input phosphor and photocathode.Electrostatic focusing lens.Accelerating anode.Output phosphor.
CpG DNA-triggered upregulation of TLR9 expression affects apoptosis and immune responses in human plasmacytoid dendritic cells isolated from chronic hepatitis B patients
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2023
Bin Zhu, Tianbao Wang, Xiaoxia Wei, Yancai Zhou, Jiansheng Li
To elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism of CpG DNA-induced proliferation and immune responses, the protein expression levels of TLR9, MyD88, IRF3, IRF7 and NF-κB associated with CpG DNA-triggered signalling pathway were measured by Western blot analysis after treatment with CpG DNA and non-CpG DNA in human pDCs isolated from chronic hepatitis B patients (Figure 4(A)). Data analysis demonstrated that, compared to non-CpG DNA control, CpG DNA significantly increased the protein expression of TLR9, MyD88 and IRF7 (p < .01), while CpG DNA had no influence on the expression levels of IRF3 and total NF-κB p65 in human pDCs (p > .05) (Figure 4(B)). The ratio of phosphor/total p65 was also significantly upregulated (p < .01) (0.90 ± 0.02 vs. 0.30 ± 0.09) (Figure 4(C)). It suggested that CpG DNA upregulated TLR9 expression and further activated TLR9-triggered signalling pathways.
Current and emerging pharmacotherapy for the treatment of childhood acute myeloid leukemia
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2022
Branko Cuglievan, David McCall, Lindsay Robusto, M. Estela Mireles, Suzanne C. Gettys
Quizartinib (AC220) is a second-generation FLT3 inhibitor. Quizartinib provides greater potency and selectivity in vivo when compared with first-generation inhibitors and demonstrates nanomolar potency against FLT3-WT, c-KIT PDGFR, and RET [42]. Adult phase 1 and 2 studies of quizartinib in relapsed and refractory cases of AML showed the drug to be safe. A high rate of durable responses enabling resistant AML patients to be bridged to HSCT was also seen [43]. Since then, quizartinib has been explored in adults in combination with chemotherapy and hypomethylating agents. In pediatrics, The Therapeutic Advances in Childhood Leukemia/Lymphoma (TACL) consortium conducted a phase 1 study of quizartinib with cytarabine and etoposide in relapsed/refractory leukemias [44]. Quizartinib provided notorious efficacy and sustained phosphor-FLT3 inhibition without dose-limiting toxicity. Despite its effectiveness, quizartinib treatment is hindered by the development of resistance due to TKD mutations or activation of distinct signaling pathways. The open-label, multicenter, single-arm, phase 1/2 study (NCT03793478) will provide further data on this drug in pediatrics [45].
Macrophage depletion protects against endothelial dysfunction and cardiac remodeling in angiotensin II hypertensive mice
Published in Clinical and Experimental Hypertension, 2021
Yuantong Tian, Jun Luo, Qian Xu, Yueyang Liu, Ruiping Cai, Ming-Sheng Zhou
A piece of left-ventricle tissue was homogenized with lysis buffer containing 1 mM PMSF, 10 µg/ml aprotinin and 10 µg/ml leupeptin. After the homogenization, an aliquot of supernatant was used for the protein measurement with Bio-Rad protein assay. Thirty µg of proteins was separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes. The membranes were incubated with the primary antibodies against c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK, Cell signaling), phosphor-JNK, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphor-p38 MAKP, p42/p44 MAPK and phosphor-p42/44 MAPK (Cell Signaling Inco.), transforming growth factor (TGF) β1, fibronectin, TNFα, IL1β (Santa Cruz Biotech Inco.) at 4°C overnight. The membranes were incubated with horseradish peroxidase conjugated secondary antibody for 1 h at room temperature. The signal was detected by enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) using hyperfilm and ECL reagent (Santa Cruz Biotech Inco.). The membranes were reblotted for β-actin (Santa Cruz Biotech Inco.) to serve as a loading control. The membranes for the determination of phosphor-JNK, phosphor-ERK1/2 and phosphor-p38 MAPK were reblotted with their corresponding non-phosphor forms to serve as a loading control. The data was normalized to β-actin or corresponding control protein and expressed as a fold increase versus control group.