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DRCOG OSCE for Circuit A Answers
Published in Una F. Coales, DRCOG: Practice MCQs and OSCEs: How to Pass First Time three Complete MCQ Practice Exams (180 MCQs) Three Complete OSCE Practice Papers (60 Questions) Detailed Answers and Tips, 2020
The specimen was obtained by expressing tissue fluid from a primary syphilitic lesion and placing the drop of fluid or exudate onto a slide with a coverslip. The preparation is then examined under oil immersion with dark-field illumination.
Peripheral Blood and Bone Marrow
Published in Harold R. Schumacher, William A. Rock, Sanford A. Stass, Handbook of Hematologic Pathology, 2019
Fermina Maria Mazzella, Gerardo Perrotta
The leukocytes are evaluated as to number, type, and morphology. An estimate of the white blood count is made by observing the number of leukocytes per high-power field. Leukocytes are usually classified by an oil-immersion lens (50× or 100×). One hundred sequential cells are counted (differential count), and a percentage is determined for each population of cells. The absolute numbers of a particulate cell type are calculated by multiplying the total leukocyte count by the percentage obtained in the differential count. It is as important to note if certain types of cells are excessive (small lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes) or absent (granulocytes) as it is to look for immature white cell elements. All of these morphologic abnormalities have diagnostic significance: toxic granulation (large basophilic granules), bilobed neutrophils, multisegmented neutrophils (over five lobes), Döhle bodies (light blue bodies of endoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasm, Fig. 6), and degeneration and vacuolization of the nucleus and cytoplasm. All such findings should be evaluated in light of the clinical picture and other laboratory parameters.
Passive smoking induces rat testicular injury via the FAS/FASL pathway
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Yanling Yao, Jing Zhang, Ping Tian, Linlin Li, Xiaoxi Huang, Maitinashi Nawutayi, Yunfei Huang, Chen Zhang
The tail of one epididymis was cut into small fragments in 37 °C physiological saline. The diluted samples were smeared on clean, dry glass slides. Slides were immediately examined under a microscope to determine sperm counts (Ochei and Kolhatker 2002, Baker 2007). One thousand sperm were counted for each rat using a red blood cell counter. We counted the complete mature sperm cells under 40× magnification and calculated the total number of sperm in a 1 mL suspension. Sperm morphology was evaluated by staining sperm smears on microscope slides with 2% eosin for 1 h after the samples were air-dried. The slides were examined under a microscope with a 40× oil immersion objective lens. Sperm abnormalities were evaluated in 1000 sperm cells in ten randomly selected fields. The abnormal sperm types included big-head, double head, double tail, non-head, non-tail and hookless. The number and percentage of abnormal sperm cells were calculated.
Metformin attenuates cisplatin-induced genotoxicity and apoptosis in rat bone marrow cells
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2021
Mohsen Cheki, Mohammad Sadegh Ghasemi, AmirMohammad Rezaei Rashnoudi, Naeem Erfani Majd
The micronucleus assay in bone marrow was carried out according to the method described by Schmid (1975). The bone marrow from both femurs was flushed in the form of a fine suspension into a centrifuge tube containing FBS. The cells were collected by centrifuge at 1000 rpm for 10 min. Bone marrow smears were prepared and the slides were placed in room temperature. After 24 h air-drying, the smears were fixed with methanol and stained with May-Grunwald/Giemsa. With this method, polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs) stain reddish-blue and normochromatic erythrocytes (NCEs) stain orange, while nuclear material is dark purple. Cells were counted by light microscopy with 1000× magnification under oil immersion. For each experimental group, five rats were used, and a total of 5000 PCEs and corresponding NCEs (1000 PCEs and 1000 NCEs per animal) were scored to determine the number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MnPCEs), micronucleated normochromatic erythrocytes (MnNCEs), and the ratio of PCE to (PCE + NCE). The ratio of PCE to (PCE + NCE) was determined for each experimental group to assess cisplatin effects with and without metformin on bone marrow proliferation.
Genotoxicity of yellow shammah (smokeless tobacco) in murine bone marrow cells in vivo
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2021
Saeed Alshahrani, Pankaj Tripathi, Hassan A. Alhazmi, Syed Mamoon Hussain, Abdul Hakeem Siddiqui, Waquar Ahsan, Mohammad Al Bratty
Tissue sampling was performed after 24 h of the last YS dose administered. Animals were administered 0.4 mL of 0.05% colchicine i.p. 90 min before sacrifice to arrest the mitotic process in metaphase. At the time of death, femurs were immediately dissected, and the bone marrow was subsequently extracted in 0.075 M KCl. The cell suspension thus obtained was allowed to incubate at 37 °C for 20 min. Cells were collected by centrifugation (1000 rpm for 10 min) and were fixed three times with methanol/acetic acid (3:1) mixture. Chromosome slides were prepared by dropping the cell suspension onto clean chilled slides, flame-dried, coded, and stained using dilute Giemsa solution. Microscopic observations were performed with a magnification of 100X oil immersion lens (Tijio and Whang 1962).