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Radiation units
Published in Alan Martin, Sam Harbison, Karen Beach, Peter Cole, An Introduction to Radiation Protection, 2018
Alan Martin, Sam Harbison, Karen Beach, Peter Cole
Just as heat and light transfer energy from the Sun to the Earth and the atmosphere, nuclear radiation transfers energy from a source to an absorbing medium. The source of nuclear radiation may be radioactive atoms or equipment such as X-ray machines. The effect of absorbing the more familiar types of radiation, such as heat, is to raise the temperature of the absorbing medium. If this medium is the human body, or part of it, the rise in temperature is sensed and, if it becomes excessive, avoiding action can be taken by sheltering under a sunshade (shielding), for example, or by moving farther away from a fire (distance). However, a dose of gamma (γ) radiation or other nuclear radiation that is large enough to be lethal to a human being would increase the body temperature by less than one-thousandth of 1°C. The body is therefore unable to sense even very high intensities of these types of radiation.
The UN’s dalliance with nuclear power
Published in Théodore H MacDonald, David Player, Mathura P Shrestha, Sacrificing the WHO to the Highest Bidder, 2018
Exposure to nuclear radiation is usually measured in ‘millisieverts’ (mSv) or ‘sieverts’ (Sv), with the former being one-thousandth of the latter. The exposure, in sieverts, is dependent on the mass of the person, as it is a measure of exposure per kilogram.
Basic Radiological Science
Published in Thomas A. Carder, Handling of Radiation Accident Patients, 1993
Remember, nuclear radiation comes from the nucleus of a radioactive atom. Earthly chemical and physical forces cannot touch the nucleus of an atom, therefore nuclear radiation and radioactive materials cannot be destroyed by earthly chemical and physical means. Fire (a chemical reaction combining oxygen with fuel) will merely change the physical form of the material. The smoke will contain the radioactive material in the form of radioactive gasses and flyash. The radioactive gasses and flyash will, of course, be diluted in the air and therefore not as concentrated as the original form of the source material, but will still be radioactive nonetheless. Acid may dissolve the material but the resultant liquid will contain radioactivity due the radioactive material becoming a chemical part of the liquid. Acid dissolving radioactive material is not induced radioactivity, it is a chemical reaction. Alcohol will not "kill" radiation or radioactive material as it will kill bacteria. Alcohol will merely transport the radioactive material in a liquid vehicle.
Construction of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) translocation dose-response calibration curve with multiple donor data sets using R, based on ISO 20046:2019 recommendations
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2019
Valerie Swee Ting Goh, Yohei Fujishima, Yu Abe, Akira Sakai, Mitsuaki A. Yoshida, Kentaro Ariyoshi, Kosuke Kasai, Ruth C. Wilkins, William F. Blakely, Tomisato Miura
Ionizing radiation exposure causes various types of DNA damage in cells, by direct action and/or indirectly with the generation of free radicals. A clear dose-response relationship between the number of chromosomal aberrations such as dicentric chromosomes and increasing absorbed dose had been observed, leading to the establishment of classical cytogenetic biodosimetry (Bender and Gooch 1966). Cytogenetic biodosimetry enables dose estimation to be performed on individuals suspected of prior radiation exposure, for effective medical treatment and to better understand the biological effects of radiation. It was used after the occurrence of radiological accidents, such as the Goiânia incident in Brazil (Ramalho and Nascimento 1991) and the Nueva Aldea incident in Chile (International Atomic Energy Agency [IAEA] 2009). Cytogenetic biodosimetry can also be used to analyze excess radiation damage and possible excess cancer risk in residents living in high background radiation areas (Jiang et al. 2000; Zakeri et al. 2011) or in areas with previous nuclear accidents (Scarpato et al. 1997; Akiba 2012), and in occupational exposure of medical radiologists (Jang et al. 2016) and nuclear radiation clean-up workers (Snigiryova et al. 1997; Littlefield et al. 1998). Despite recent developments using miRNA (Jacob et al. 2013), proteomic biomarkers (Ossetrova et al. 2014; Blakely et al. 2018) and gene expression (Ghandhi et al. 2015) to improve dose estimation efficiency during an emergency, cytogenetic biodosimetry still remains as one of the more accurate and reliable methods for biodosimetry.
Educational dialogue on public perception of nuclear radiation
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2022
Varsha Hande, Karthik Prathaban, M. Prakash Hande
As depicted in Figure 11(A), a large percentage of students felt that the seminar was useful in improving their knowledge on nuclear radiation. Similarly, more than 80% felt that the seminar taught them novel concepts of nuclear power, nuclear energy, and radiation effects. (Figure 11(B)). The overall impression on the usefulness of nuclear energy was positive. Thus, students considered the seminar to be effective in increasing their knowledge on nuclear radiation, in introducing new concepts related to nuclear power, energy and the effects of radiation, and being valuable in turning public perceptions regarding nuclear energy and power if incorporated into school education (Figure 11(C))