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Bioengineering and Ethics
Published in Howard Winet, Ethics for Bioengineering Scientists, 2021
In 1944, Congress passed the Public Health Service Act that converted the NIH of the PHS (which became today’s U.S. Department of Health and Human Services) into a medical research granting agency. At first, the agency focused on nonclinical research that could be carried out in university laboratories or otherwise under the control of nonclinical academics. Causal research was a priority. One of the reasons behind this limitation was an official stand by the American Medical Association against socialized medicine. Since clinical research involving patients would have to be conducted in hospital settings, the federal government would have to regulate their treatment as part of oversight of any project. Congress was lobbied successfully by the AMA to place restrictions on the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to block such research (Fox 1987). Political pressure came in the opposite direction from patients through voluntary health organizations. They saw success of the NCI in having its own institute as giving cancer patients an “unfair” advantage in the struggle for research funding (Mukherjee 2011). They lobbied congress and by 1949 there were seven institutes under the newly named NIH. By 1970, this number had increased to 15. In 1953, a hospital was built on the NIH campus to provide a controllable site where clinical research could be conducted in close proximity to the other institutes. The NIH had to make repeated assurances to the medical profession that this hospital was not a starting point for any socialized medicine movement.
The Human Cancer Situation
Published in Samuel C. Morris, Cancer Risk Assessment, 2020
Incidence rates are limited to SEER participants because, although cancer mortality is well known nationwide, cancer incidence is not. There is no national reporting system for cancer diagnoses. Individual hospitals maintain tumor registeries, and many states have cancer registeries, but the coverage is far from national. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) has conducted three National Cancer Surveys to measure cancer incidence, but they were far from national. Moreover, the coverage changed with each survey. The first was in 1937-1939, the second in 1947-1948, and the third in 1969-1971. Incidence trends from these surveys are examined in Devesa and Silverman (1978, 1980) and Pollack and Horm (1980). These were recently updated drawing on data from SEER and local cancer registries (Devesa et al., 1987).
SDOH program examples
Published in Allyson Kelley, Public Health Evaluation and the Social Determinants of Health, 2020
The National Cancer Institute (NCI) (NIH, US Department of Health and Human Services) is improving the reach and quality of cancer care through several SDOH funding opportunities. One example is the Improving the Reach and Quality of Cancer Care in Rural Populations (https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-CA-19-064.html).
Salary and student loan debt for oncology social workers: Findings from the oncology social work competencies, opportunities, roles and expertise (CORE) survey
Published in Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 2023
Ting Guan, Brad Zebrack, Shirley Otis-Green, Grace DesJardins
Table 3 presented the breakdowns of salary by type of health service organization and years of cancer experience among OSWs working as direct service providers. There was a significant relationship between salaries and the type of health service organization in which they worked, X2 (6, 687) = 20.76, p = .002. Direct service providers working in NCI-designated cancer programs were more likely to report annual salaries $70,001 or more, followed by those working in comprehensive community cancer centers and academic or university-affiliated cancer programs. Those working in community cancer programs and pediatric cancer programs were less likely to have annual salaries $70,001 or more. There was also a significant relationship between salaries and years of cancer care experience, X2 (4, 694) = 99.67, p = .000. Direct service providers with more years of cancer care experience were more likely to report annual salaries $70,001 or more than OSWs with fewer years of experience.
Increasing trends of colistin resistance in patients at high-risk of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2022
Hadir A. El-Mahallawy, Marwa El Swify, Asmaa Abdul Hak, Mai M. Zafer
This study was conducted in the microbiology laboratory at the National Cancer Institute (NCI), Cairo University, between January and December 2019. NCI is a tertiary referral hospital receiving cancer patients from all over Egypt. In total, 196 multidrug-resistant enterobacterial isolates were collected during the study period. These were recovered from 196 different hospitalized cancer adult patients with either haematology malignancy or solid tumours with age ranging between 18 and 55 years old. Of these, 55.6% (n = 109) were males and 44.4% (n = 87) were females. The collected isolates included 100 (51%) K. pneumoniae, 89 (45.4%) E. coli and seven (3.6%) E. cloacae. The recovered infectious isolates were obtained from different clinical sources. Most of the isolates were recovered from blood cultures 62.6% (n = 124), surgical site infections specimens (pus, wound) 24% (n = 47), sputum and chest tube 5.1% (n = 10), and specimens from other sites 7.7% (n = 15) (Figure 1). The chest tubes were inserted in cases of clinically suspected lower respiratory tract infections, i.e. they had infections prior to chest tube insertion. Besides, the sample was obtained in the first two to three days of insertion and the organism isolated was a known pathogen with detected antibiotic resistance.
Improving The Quality of Care for Persons With Advanced Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
Published in Oncology Issues, 2021
Premal H. Thaker, Matthew P. Smeltzer, Monique Dawkins, Leigha Senter-Jamieson, Stephanie V. Blank, Destin Black, Mollie Finkel, Anna Yemelyanova, Leigh M. Boehmer, Sarah Temkin
Application survey responses were received by 26 cancer programs. After exclusion of five responding cancer programs that were not current ACCC members, 21 were eligible for selection into the QI workshops. Respondents included diverse program types, including National Cancer Institute (NCI)-designated comprehensive cancer centers (five), comprehensive community cancer programs (six), academic comprehensive cancer programs (five), integrated network cancer programs (three), and a range of other categories. The 26 responding cancer programs had a median of 51 annual new ovarian cancer cases (range, 22-190). The average reported stage distribution for patients with ovarian cancer across cancer programs was 30 percent Stage I/II and 70 percent Stage III/IV. The average race distribution across cancer programs was 80 percent white, 10 percent black or African American, 3 percent Asian, and 7 percent other. Eighty-five percent of cancer programs reported having a multidisciplinary team for ovarian cancer care. Programs reported 80 percent germline multigene panel testing on average, and 75 percent provided genetic counseling.