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Body-on-a-Chip for Pharmacology and Toxicology
Published in Brian J. Lukey, James A. Romano, Salem Harry, Chemical Warfare Agents, 2019
Anthony Atala, Mahesh Devarasetty, Steven. D. Forsythe, Russell. M. Dorsey, Harry Salem, Thomas. D. Shupe, Aleksander Skardal, Shay Soker
Microfluidic device designs are highly varied depending on the application. Devices can be fabricated to separate a blood sample using laminar flow to allow many tests to be achieved using a small volume of blood; such devices have found use in third-world and developing countries, where low-cost alternatives are required (Emani et al., 2012; Hou et al., 2011; Yager et al., 2006). Other designs can be used to mix two independent fluids and produce a gradient of concentration ratios between them; this approach can be useful for expediting the assay of drug concentrations on cell cultures (Lee et al., 2011; Wunderlich et al., 2013). Even more complex body-on-a-chip designs involve the integration of 3-D cultured cells that form organoids, which are then combined with other organoids and biosensors into a single microfluidic system (Huh et al., 2011). Bodies-on-a-chip serve to replicate the system-level dynamics of the human body while retaining the efficient analysis methods found in cell culture.
Surface Chemistry for Cell Capture in Microfluidic Systems
Published in Iniewski Krzysztof, Integrated Microsystems, 2017
ShuQi Wang, Feng Xu, Alexander Chi Fai Ip, Mrudula Somu, Xiaohu Zhao, Altug Akay, Utkan Demirci
Cell separation or sorting plays an important role in basic research and clinical applications such as the differentiation of stem cells [1,2], detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) [3,4] and quantification of CD4+ T lymphocytes in peripheral blood [5,6]. Conventionally, fluorescence-activated cell sorting or magnetic cell sorting methods have been widely used to separate cells of interest from a heterogeneous cell mixture. However, these methods require technical support, length sample preparation, and well-trained operators, which limit their applications in resource-limited and point-of-care settings. To address these drawbacks, various microfluidic devices have been designed and tested, targeting increased portability, reduced consumption of samples and reagents, decreased process complexity, and shortened sample-to-result time. In addition, the manufacturing of microfluidic devices can easily be scaled up, significantly reducing the cost of health care, even for developed countries. The microfluidic device can be further integrated into an automated system to reduce human errors. The advantages of microfluidic systems offer opportunities for improving health care in resource-limited settings, such as monitoring AIDS treatments using CD4 cell capturing devices [5,6].
Microfluidics in assisted reproduction technology: Towards automation of the in vitro fertilization laboratory
Published in David K. Gardner, Ariel Weissman, Colin M. Howles, Zeev Shoham, Textbook of Assisted Reproductive Techniques, 2017
Many of the aforementioned studies implement a single procedural step on a microfluidic device. However, microfluidic technology offers the ability to implement multiple procedural steps on a single platform, which may be advantageous as it would reduce manual cell handling and the associated environmental stressors. Keeping the delicate cells in place while gradually changing media or gently rolling the cell to a new location may produce a less stressful environment and help optimize growth conditions.
An impedance flow cytometry with integrated dual microneedle for electrical properties characterization of single cell
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2023
Muhammad Asraf Mansor, Mohd Ridzuan Ahmad, Michal Petrů, Seyed Saeid Rahimian Koloor
An IFC was first introduced 70 years ago for bacteria detection in aerosols [12]. The development of the IFC is gained since it provides a rapid, non-invasive and real-time technique for detecting a single cell biologically. Single-cell analysis utilizing IFC demonstrates the feasibility to identify undifferentiated and differentiated stem cells [13], by examining the electrical impedance ratio between two particular frequencies (a term known as opacity). Other studies have discovered that the IFC with platinum black electrode probe is capable of sensing the status of cells by measuring the impedance of cells at frequencies over 1 MHz [14]. The nanoneedle electrode embedded in the microchannel is used to detect the crossing of cells on the sensor area, enabling it to be sensitive to the solution’s dielectric characteristics [15]. However, the fabrication procedure will be more expensive due to the patterning of the electrode nanoneedle on the substrate. Another drawback is the device’s time-consuming cleaning process. Other researchers have introduced a microfluidic with a constriction channel, which is a simple and high throughput technique to determine the electrical characteristics of a single cell (e.g. specific membrane capacitance) [16–19]. However, the microfluidic device with a constriction channel approach is difficult to optimize for size-heterogeneous samples.
Design of a microfluidic lung chip and its application in assessing the toxicity of formaldehyde
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2023
Man Su, Xiang Li, Zezhi Li, Chenfeng Hua, Pingping Shang, Junwei Zhao, Kejian Liu, Fuwei Xie
Lung-on-a-chip models can simulate the lung’s microenvironment and functions in vivo, and have great application value for respiratory disease research, drug screening, toxicity assessment and other aspects (Nawroth et al. 2020; Francis et al. 2022; Li et al. 2022; Xia et al. 2023). The physiological microenvironment of the lung is very complex (Martinez et al. 2011). In order to simulate the physiological microenvironment realistically, Sakolish et al. (Sakolish et al. 2022) designed a microfluidic device. It could realize the co-culture of primary human small airway epithelial cells and lung microvascular endothelial cells, which recreates the parenchymal-vascular interface in the end of lung tissue. Varone et al. from Emulate Inc. (Varone et al. 2021) developed a novel organ-chip system that emulates three-dimensional architecture of the human epithelia, and the chip also has mechanical forces function including mechanical stretch and fluidic shear stress. Compared to the chip designed by Varone et al. our chip has no physical forces function. Indeed, the tissue-relevant mechanical forces acting on the chip is a critical element for biomimetic reconstruction of native tissue. Nevertheless, the advantage of the chip we designed is that multiple concentration gradients of gas and liquid can be achieved, as well as air-liquid interface exposure.
Electroosmotically driven flow of micropolar bingham viscoplastic fluid in a wavy microchannel: application of computational biology stomach anatomy
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
Anber Saleem, Mishal Nayab Kiani, Sohail Nadeem, Salman Akhtar, Mehdi Ghalambaz, Alibek Issakhov
The pumping mechanism that is used to transport the fluid inside a microfluidic device has significant importance due to its applications. The electro-osmotic flow phenomenon has advantage over magnetohydrodynamics, piezoelectrics and electrohydrodynamics due to its simple design, comparatively low cost and their relaxed fabrication (van Lintel et al. 1988; Richter et al. 1991; Arulanandam and Li 2000; Lemoff and Lee 2000). The flow is fully developed without the movement of any mechanical part. The basic peristalsis principle and electro-osmotic effects are used in working of many micro-pumps. The highly applicable areas of electro-osmosis phenomenon involve drug delivery by diagnostic medical apprautus, treatment of diseases, (i.e., sickle cell, anomaly in cells and blood related medical problems.). Some important non-Newtonian fluid models are given (Khan et al. 2018; Qayyum et al. 2018; Khan et al. 2019).