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Practical Implementations And Technology Of Measurement Devices*
Published in Marvin C. Ziskin, Peter A. Lewin, Ultrasonic Exposimetry, 2020
Radiation force devices utilize the fact that the incident acoustic energy acting on an appropriately selected, either reflecting or absorbing target, transfers a momentum to this target. This momentum can be measured as a force which is directly proportional to the spatial and temporal-averaged acoustic power. Depending on the size of the target, these radiometers are classified into “small” and “large” target devices. The large target devices contain a balance to “weigh” the force exerted on the target, while the small target devices use other means, e.g., a cathetometer, to determine this force. The use of a large target covering the total effective beam cross section will result in total power measurement, while the small target totally immersed in the field will yield local intensity. It is worthwhile to note that, while the principle of the radiation force balance is simple and requires only accurate measurement of the static force produced by the ultrasonic energy, the implementation of the device is fairly complex. In practice, a careful customizing of the design is often required. A good-quality analytical chemical microbalance is needed for the measurement of low-level acoustic powers, such as those generated by diagnostic equipment. Typically, measurement of acoustic powers in the diagnostic range, 1 to 50 mW, requires sensitivity of the mi-crobalance on the order of 0.01 mg.
Future Perspectives on Nucleic Acid Testing
Published in Attila Lorincz, Nucleic Acid Testing for Human Disease, 2016
Larry J. Kricka, Paolo Fortina
A variant of the core shell is a decorated nanoparticle. The increase in mass when a particle is decorated with another material is useful in certain types of assays. For example, a 10-nm nanoparticle can be used as a label in a microgravimetric quartz-crystal microbalance-based nucleic acid assay The signal from the 10-nm gold nanoparticle label can be amplified by increasing the mass of the particle through deposition of gold on its surface via a gold-catalyzed reduction of gold chloride in presence of hydroxylamine The assay sensed <1 × 10−15 M of a 27-mer DNA target.117
Experimental Protocols for Generation and Evaluation of Articular Cartilage
Published in Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Eric M. Darling, Grayson D. DuRaine, Jerry C. Hu, A. Hari Reddi, Articular Cartilage, 2017
Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Eric M. Darling, Grayson D. DuRaine, Jerry C. Hu, A. Hari Reddi
Procedure Remove sample from well and measure final diameter using the calipers.Place in small petri dish with 3 ml of PBS.Measure sample height using the height detection program on the Instron. This requires knowing the starting position of the inside of the dish and the point at which the platen just touches the sample.Make sure that the preconditioning is turned off.Open appropriate testing protocol for the software.Turn on preconditioning with cycles of 5% strain.Complete stress relaxation testing of the sample at 10%, 20%, and 30% strain.Save the resulting data set.Remove sample from Instron, pat dry, and measure wet weight on the microbalance.Place sample in 1.5 ml tube and freeze at -20°C.Copy data file and analyze using data analysis software such as MATLAB with the Curve-Fitting Toolbox.
Controlling flour dust exposure by an intervention focused on working methods in Finnish bakeries: a case study in two bakeries
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2022
Antti Karjalainen, Maija Leppänen, Joonas Ruokolainen, Marko Hyttinen, Mirella Miettinen, Arto Säämänen, Pertti Pasanen
In the industrial bakery, the IOM samples were collected in the bun-baking unit in the breathing zone of the dough maker (BZ1) and a randomly selected line worker (BZ2), and at two stationary locations: beside a production line (S1) and beside a table where the dough maker weighed the ingredients (S2) (Figure 1). In the traditional bakery, sampling was conducted in the main production unit in the breathing zone of a general baker (BZ3) who had several work tasks, and at two stationary locations in the vicinity of a baking table beside a dough divider (S3) and beside a dough roller (S4) (Figure 2). The sampling height at the stationary locations was approximately 1.4 m. The filters placed inside the sampling cassettes were weighed using a microbalance (Mettler-Toledo MT5; Mettler-Toledo, LLC, USA) prior to and after the sampling in an acclimatization room where they were stabilized for at least 24 h (relative humidity 40%, 20 °C). A Statickmaster 2U500 Alpha Ionizer (StaticTek, USA) was used to eliminate static charges of the filters.
Estimates of carbon nanotube deposition in the lung: improving quality and robustness
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2020
Matthew D. Wright, Alison J. Buckley, Rachel Smith
A number of different methods have been employed to assess the ‘effective density’ (see Supplementary Information for a clarification of this term) of a range of aerosols including CNT. However, many share a common feature which is the concurrent, or in-series, characterization of airborne particles by both mobility and mass. Often, as described earlier, mobility size distributions are assessed via SMPS or similar instrument. In the case of ‘tandem’ techniques, the DMA component can be used to select particles according to their mobility. This subset of the overall population is then passed to an instrument which reclassifies them by mass e.g. via Aerosol Particle Mass analyzer (APM) (McMurry et al. 2002; Kim et al. 2009; Ku and Kulkarni 2015) or Centrifugal Particle Mass Analyzer (CPMA) (Olfert et al. 2007), or by aerodynamic diameter e.g. via Aerodynamic Aerosol Classifier (AAC) (Tavakoli and Olfert 2014), allowing information on effective density and shape factor to be obtained. Another method is to measure the overall mass of the selected particle population, rather than individual particles, for example via Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance (TEOM) e.g. Morawska et al. (1999), or Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) e.g. Sarangi et al. (2016).
Differential pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction potential of eletriptan between oral and subcutaneous routes
Published in Xenobiotica, 2019
Harilal Patel, Nirmal Desai, Prakash Patel, Nirav Modi, Krunal Soni, Nitin Dobaria, Nuggehally R. Srinivas
A prominence HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) system consisting of quaternary gradient pumps (LC-20-AD), SIL HTc auto-injector with 1.0 mL sample cooler, column oven with thermostat control (CTO-20ASvp) and vacuum solvent degasser (DGU-20A5) were supplied by Shimadzu Corporation (Kyoto, Japan). API 3200 QTRAP/triple quadrupole LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography coupled with mass detector) system with electrospray ion source was purchased from MDS SCIEX (Concord Ontario, Canada). Multi reax auto shaker/mixer was obtained from Heidolph Instruments (Schwabach, Germany). Auto pipettes and centrifugation system equipped with thermostat were purchased from Eppendorf (Hamburg, Germany). HPLC grade water purification system was obtained from Merck Millipore (Burlington, MA). The analytical and microbalance were purchased from Mettler-Toledo (Mumbai, India).