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Travelers and workers at high altitude
Published in Andrew M. Luks, Philip N. Ainslie, Justin S. Lawley, Robert C. Roach, Tatum S. Simonson, Ward, Milledge and West's High Altitude Medicine and Physiology, 2021
Andrew M. Luks, Philip N. Ainslie, Justin S. Lawley, Robert C. Roach, Tatum S. Simonson
The simplest way to produce oxygen to pump into a room is through the use of an oxygen concentrator, whose principle of operation is similar to that used in homes to provide oxygen for patients with chronic lung disease. Air is pumped at high pressure through a synthetic zeolite, which adsorbs nitrogen from the air. The result is that the effluent gas has a high oxygen concentration, typically 90–95%. After 20–30 seconds, the zeolite is unable to absorb more nitrogen and the compressed air is then switched to another cylinder containing the same material. The original cylinder is then purged of nitrogen by blowing air through it at normal pressures. In this way, a continuous supply of 90–95% oxygen is available. A typical commercial unit provides 5 L min−1 of over 90% pure oxygen at a power consumption of 350 W. It is also possible to provide the oxygen from liquid oxygen tanks, but this is more expensive and less convenient because the tanks need to be replenished. The main expense with the concentrators is the power required to run the systems.
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
Published in Lourdes R. Laraya-Cuasay, Walter T. Hughes, Interstitial Lung Diseases in Children, 2019
R. Boynton Bruce, T. Allen Merritt
Many centers are now discharging BPD infants to home while on supplemental oxygen. Before discharge the infant should be stable on low flow oxygen (no greater than 1 l/min) by nasal cannula for at least 1 week and show an appropriate weight gain. It is helpful for the infant’s primary nurse to make a home visit before discharge to insure that the equipment can be used safely. The medical equipment supplier is contacted by the discharge coordinator and told what equipment the infant will require for home care. The supplier brings the equipment to the hospital and teaches the parent how to use it. On the day of discharge he goes to the home and helps the parents set up the equipment and then provides supplies and service until oxygen therapy is discontinued. We have found liquid oxygen systems to be more convenient than those using compressed gas; portable oxygen packs are also available. The parents are taught to evaluate the infant for cyanosis, tachypnea, and edema and often keep a daily record of the infant’s weight gain. All infants in our home oxygen program are managed jointly by the neonatal follow-up clinic or pediatric pulmonologist and the primary pediatrician. Recently, several centers have begun programs utilizing home ventilators for more seriously affected infants with tracheostomies.
The pressure cabin and oxygen systems
Published in Nicholas Green, Steven Gaydos, Hutchison Ewan, Edward Nicol, Handbook of Aviation and Space Medicine, 2019
Nicholas Green, Steven Gaydos, Hutchison Ewan, Edward Nicol
System: Aircraft converter consists of an insulated container (see Figure 11.1), control valves and connecting pipes.Liquid oxygen (LOX) cooled to −183˚C.Container insulated to prevent excessive warming, evaporation and pressure build-up.Stabilisation of LOX to prevent temperature stratification/uneven delivery usually required, by slight elevation of liquid temperature.
Costs of oxygen therapy for interstitial lung disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A retrospective study from a universal healthcare system
Published in Canadian Journal of Respiratory, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, 2022
Ferhan Saleem, Sana Vahidy, John Fleetham, Loretta Pavan, Claire Normandin, Jordan A. Guenette, Yet H. Khor, Christopher J. Ryerson
The total costs of oxygen utilization were comprised of 4 main components:Oxygen equipment: concentrators (stationary or portable), cylinders (compressed or liquid oxygen), or both; determined by billed invoices to the VCH HOP by oxygen equipment suppliers.VCH HOP respiratory therapist home visits: calculated based on salary and travel compensation. Respiratory therapists visit patient homes upon oxygen initiation, every 3-12 months, or when needed to perform diagnostic testing to ensure oxygen needs are met.Oxygen equipment supplier home visits: calculated from supplier respiratory therapist and oxygen equipment technician salaries.Overnight oximetry monitoring studies (eg, tests used to confirm or support modification of flow rate settings): calculated based on provincial billing rates for each test.
Home oxygen therapy: re-thinking the role of devices
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2018
Andrea S. Melani, Piersante Sestini, Paola Rottoli
Liquid oxygen is a gas at ambient temperature, but passes in liquid form at −240°C or less. As approximately one liter of liquid oxygen will produce to 860 l of gaseous oxygen, it offers the advantage to store a larger amount than the gaseous oxygen for a given volume. A reservoir containing 30–40 l of liquid oxygen can last for 8–10 days providing oxygen at a flow rate of 2 lpm. After production liquid oxygen is stored in highly insulated tanks of different size which resemble a thermos bottle. Leaving the reservoir, liquid oxygen warms and immediately vaporizes into gaseous oxygen . As the perfect insulator is not available, evaporative losses can be expected up to 0.5–1 Kg of liquid oxygen per day for each tank even when these devices are not in use. A large stationary tank can easily be used to trans-fill oxygen into portable strollers. The production of liquid oxygen (as well as of gaseous oxygen) is not expansive. However, the supply of liquid oxygen (as well as of gaseous oxygen) requires a distributional network with frequent visits to replace the empty with full tanks. In Italy liquid oxygen is by far the preferred system to deliver LTOT; in our area the average monthly cost of liquid oxygen per person (up to prescription flows of 3–4 lpm for 24 h per day) is about 80–90 €.