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Examination of Gait in a Child
Published in Nirmal Raj Gopinathan, Clinical Orthopedic Examination of a Child, 2021
Prateek Behera, Nirmal Raj Gopinathan
High stepping gait is also called a foot-drop gait or dragging gait and results primarily from weakness or paralysis of the ankle dorsiflexors. The child is unable to dorsiflex the foot during the initial swing, and to avoid dragging the toes against the ground, he/she lifts the knee higher than usual, thus generating the high stepping. The initial heel strike is absent as the patient is unable to maintain the foot in neutral, and thus the toes instead of the heel meet the ground. Common causes include post-injection sciatic nerve palsy, post-traumatic peroneal palsy, myelodysplasia, Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease, etc.
Mechanics of materials
Published in Paul Grimshaw, Michael Cole, Adrian Burden, Neil Fowler, Instant Notes in Sport and Exercise Biomechanics, 2019
Permanent deformations are referred to as set, and describe the plastic behaviour of materials. Set can be important in some sport materials, for example those used in the midsoles of running shoes. The expanded foam material that is used to provide cushioning as the foot makes contact with the ground gradually permanently deforms through use. This happens because the normally closed cells which make up the foam material gradually fracture and release their internal pressure, and ultimately collapse. When this happens the running shoe midsole becomes thinner and harder. A worn shoe is a known injury risk factor, as it is likely to increase the impact force on heel strike. Shoes that show any sign of this type of wear should be replaced.
Conditions around the hip and thigh
Published in David Silver, Silver's Joint and Soft Tissue Injection, 2018
Gluteal strengthening exercises will improve the position of the femur during the heel strike and stance phase of gait and running. Weakness of these hip muscles causes increased adduction of the femur and has been associated with anterior knee pain including iliotibial band friction syndrome.
Immediate and short-term effects of kinesiotaping and lower extremity stretching on pain and disability in individuals with plantar fasciitis: a pilot randomized, controlled trial
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2022
Sulithep Pinrattana, Rotsalai Kanlayanaphotporn, Praneet Pensri
The current study used muscle stretching maneuvers that were different from those reported in previous studies (Radford, Landorf, Buchbinder, and Cook, 2007). In addition to stretching the plantar fascia and Achilles tendon, we stretched the hamstrings and peroneal muscles, which could indirectly treat the factors related to PF. In general, PF results from an abnormal load on the fascia. The undue load on the forefoot via the windlass mechanism might be caused by tightness of the hamstrings (Harty, Soffe, O’Toole, and Stephens, 2005). Furthermore, foot disability in individuals with PF might be related to inferior heel pain (McPoil et al., 2008; Yamsri et al., 2013). Hence, the undue cumulative load on the plantar fascia could aggravate inferior heel pain, leading to increased foot disability (Cole, Seto, and Gazewood, 2006). Moreover, peroneal muscles generally evert the foot during transfer from the heel strike to midstance phases. Tightness in these muscles would decrease the medial longitudinal arch of the foot and lengthen the plantar fascia, leading to injury (Myers, 1997a, 2009).
Applying Supra- or Sub-Threshold Plantar Vibrations Increases the Toe Clearance While Stepping over an Obstacle
Published in Journal of Motor Behavior, 2022
Huiyan Song, Zhuo Wang, Ka-Chun Siu, Jung Hung Chien
Four distances were measured during the obstacle negotiation (Figure 2), including distance of toe clearance of both leading leg and trailing leg, distance of toe-off-to-obstacle of trailing leg (Toe off of trailing leg), and distance of heel-strike-to-obstacle in leading leg (Heel strike of leading leg). Toe clearance of leading leg and tailing leg were defined by the vertical distance from the toe marker to the height of the obstacle while the leading leg or trailing leg cross the obstacle. Heel strike of leading leg was the horizontal distance between the heel of leading leg and the obstacle when the heel contacted the ground. Toe off of trailing leg was the horizontal distance between the toe of trailing leg and the obstacle when the toe raised from the ground. To reduce inter-subject variability, the distances were normalized by individual’s leg length.
A finite element analysis study based on valgus impacted femoral neck fracture under diverse stances
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2022
Haowei Zhang, Xinsheng Xu, Shenghui Wu, Ying Liu, Jiong Mei
The finite element analysis results of the gait are shown in Figure 8. The stress distribution of the femur is a continuous change during the whole gait. The results show that the peak stress appears in the middle of the femoral shaft and the distal ends of the femur (Jeon and Kim 2011; Zou et al. 2013). The stress from heel strike to heel off is generally lower than the stress from toe off to deceleration, which is consistent with Bai and Shang (2010) found that the stress from heel strike to heel off without fracture is commonly higher. In the presence of gravity, the peak stress appears in the middle of the femoral shaft during the toe off, which is 243.885 MPa, while Bai and Shang (2010) found that the peak stress occurs during the heel strike. The femoral head is under tensile stress and the distal femur is under compressive stress from heel strike to heel off, and the femoral head is under compressive stress from toe off to deceleration, while the distal femur is under tensile stress (Shi et al. 2010; Han 2011).