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Inflammatory Disorders of the Nervous System
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Gallium scan: more sensitive than chest X-ray, and the appearance of diffuse uptake in the lungs (or parotid, salivary, and lacrimal glands), even in the absence of clinical involvement, is relatively specific but not diagnostic.
In Vitro Techniques to Study the Transport of Radiotracers
Published in Lelio G. Colombetti, Biological Transport of Radiotracers, 2020
Marco Salvatore, Luigi Mansi, Gianni Morrone, Rosa Ferraiuolo, Salvatore Venuta
Gallium, injected intravenously in the form of citrate to facilitate solubilization, binds with proteins, especially with transferrin (TF).42-43 Evidence also exists that Ga can bind with lactoferrin (LF), ferritin, and the siderophores.44-46 In fact a relationship has been noted in clinical practice between Ga accumulation and values of sideremia and ferritinemia.47,48 The importance of Ga binding with TF and the interference with the Fe transport mechanism have led various authors to suggest the use of substances that interfere at such a level as a means of improving scintigraphic imaging.49,50
Images from Radioactivity: Radionuclide Scans, SPECT, and PET
Published in Suzanne Amador Kane, Boris A. Gelman, Introduction to Physics in Modern Medicine, 2020
Suzanne Amador Kane, Boris A. Gelman
More than 70% of nuclear medicine imaging is performed with technetium-labeled compounds, but a variety of other useful radionuclides exist. Xenon-133 is a gas that can be used to image the lungs and respiratory system. Gallium-67 is used in cancer imaging. For example, the compound gallium-67-citrate preferentially segregates to tumors and abscesses, marking their locations (Figure 6.1). Both gallium-67 and indium-111 can be attached to antibodies, molecules of the immune system that recognize foreign (and hence possibly disease-causing) materials. Researchers are seeking antibodies that will bind to tumors for even more specificity in radiolabeling. In imaging the heart, several different kinds of information about blood flow and heart function can be determined. Thallium-201, rubidium-81, and rubidium-82 can substitute for the potassium that heart muscle needs to function properly. The distribution and amounts of thallium-201 taken up by the heart muscle are therefore an indication of muscular activity. Similarly, red blood cells tagged with technetium-99m spread throughout the bloodstream and indicate the volume of blood present in the chambers of the heart. Measurements also can indicate the blood volume per heart beat using this technique.
Emerging phenotypes of sarcoidosis based on 18F-FDG PET/CT: a hierarchical cluster analysis
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2020
Spyros A Papiris, Alexandros Georgakopoulos, Andriana I Papaioannou, Nikoletta Pianou, Maria Kallergi, Nikolaos L. Kelekis, Helias Gialafos, Effrosyni D Manali, Sofia Chatziioannou
Last but not least, one may consider that our approach is characterized by additional radiation exposure and ‘high cost’. In reality the radiation dose of 18F-FDG for the patients of the current study was 19μSv/MBq (7mSV for an administered activity of 370 MBq). The CT was performed as a low-dose CT with no intravenous contrast administration. The whole-body PET/CT effective dose for an adult patient, about 70 Kgr was 10 mSv. On the contrary we would merely point that the effective dose of a full diagnostic whole-body CT examination is about 18–25 mSv [34]. 18F-FDG PET/CT further outmatches the other traditional and widely applied imaging modality, the Gallium-67 citrate (67GaC) scan thanks again to lower radiation exposure, higher sensitivity for both thoracic and extrathoracic disease, higher interobserver agreement and less time consuming for the procedure [35,36]. As a result, the ‘high cost’ is counterbalanced by all the above in addition to the completeness and precision of the information as well as by the easiness of the procedure for both patient and physician concerning the characterization of the whole burden of active disease by a single examination.
Yeast-inspired drug delivery: biotechnology meets bioengineering and synthetic biology
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2019
Chinnu Sabu, Panakkal Mufeedha, Kannissery Pramod
Native yeasts were utilized to obtain a novel eco-friendly superabsorbent composite through thermochemical alteration of yeast with citric acid in semi-dry conditions due to their unique physical and biological properties. The great swelling performance and presence of certain groups permitted the citric acid–yeast composites to target the drug [74]. Recently, β-glucan particle employing a large payload of rifabutin was developed. In this system, β-glucan after alkaline and acid extraction is nanoembedded with a payload of drug which is further coated with alginate. The formulation shows adequate stability and mainly accompanies targeted delivery to macrophages [75]. Gallium is mainly used in the treatment of various bacterial and viral infections. Recently, gallium nanoparticles have been proposed as an inhibitory agent against HIV infection. Gallium nanoparticle can be encapsulated as large aggregates inside glucan particle and targeted into macrophage for treatment of HIV infection [76].
Osteomyelitis and pyomyositis due to Staphylococcus aureus in an osteomalacic adult with multiple fractures
Published in Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives, 2021
Masumi Ogawa, Takatoshi Kitazawa, Yusuke Yoshino, Koji Morita, Toshio Ishikawa, Yasuo Ota
Tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO) can be cured by complete resection of the responsible tumor. However, the tumor may be difficult to identify, because it is usually small and can arise anywhere in the body [17]. In TIO localization, a stepwise approach with functional imaging modality and anatomical imaging study had been advocated. Functional imaging includes gallium-68-DOTATATE positron emission tomography (PET), indium-111-pentetreotide single photon-emission computed tomography (SPECT) and fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose PET, whereas anatomic imaging studies include CT and magnetic resonance imaging. Neither these imaging examinations nor pathological examinations were available in our case because the patient refused further examinations.