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How Nanoparticles Are Generated
Published in Antonietta Morena Gatti, Stefano Montanari, Advances in Nanopathology From Vaccines to Food, 2021
Antonietta Morena Gatti, Stefano Montanari
In about 330 cases of soldiers with cancer whose biopsy or autopsy findings we have analysed, lymphoma is by far the most frequent variety. In all cases, solid, inorganic and non-biodegradable micro- and nanoparticles were present in the analysed tissues as is the case here shown by electron microscopy photographs and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) graphs. Stainless steel (iron-chromium-nickel), titanium and tungsten are elements which are commonly found in this type of finding. It is not uncommon to find gold, an element used for war purposes, as a component.
Structural Investigation of Bio-Synthesized Copper Nanoparticles Using Honey
Published in Hala Gali-Muhtasib, Racha Chouaib, Nanoparticle Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Treatment, 2020
Prerana B. Kane, Priyanka Jagtap, Ravindra D. Kale
Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) was used for the confirmation of copper element giving its characteristic signal in the range of 8 keV (Fig. 11.9), which is typical for the metallic copper nano-crystallites [36].
A-Z of Standardisation, Pre-Clinical, Clinical and Toxicological Data
Published in Saroya Amritpal Singh, Regulatory and Pharmacological Basis of Ayurvedic Formulations, 2017
Standardization: Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy has been used in setting quality control parameters of Avipattikar churna (Kumar and Nani 2012). The results obtained with the market formulations and the in-house formulations of Avipattikar churna were found to be comparable and variation was insignificant. Acid insoluble ash value for in-house formulation was found to be 0.356 ± 0.073 (Average value along with standard deviation), in case of marketed formulation, this was found to be 0.931 ± 0.160 and 1.197 ± 0.098 (Aswatha Ram et al. 2009).
Issues currently complicating the risk assessment of synthetic amorphous silica (SAS) nanoparticles after oral exposure
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2021
Walter Brand, Petra C. E. van Kesteren, Ruud J. B. Peters, Agnes G. Oomen
Information about human tissue concentrations of Si is limited, and only one, recent study quantitively reported particulate concentrations (Peters et al. 2020). Peters et al. (2020) examined the Si concentration in organs known for distribution/accumulation of NPs, i.e. the liver, spleen, kidney and two sections of intestinal tissue by (single particle) Inductively Coupled Plasma High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (sp-ICP-HRMS) techniques. These findings were substantiated with a few EM-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) images. The postmortem tissues were obtained from 15 individuals (8 females and 7 males, age 64–98years) whose bodies were donated to the Department of Anatomy of the University Medical Center Utrecht for educational and research purposes (Peters et al. 2020). Total-Si concentrations of 3.2–26mg/kg liver, 3.0–47mg/kg spleen, 4.4–21mg/kg kidney and 2.7–191mg/kg small intestinal tissue were demonstrated (Table 3). Although the intestinal tissues were rinsed with Milli-Q water, in cannot be excluded that a (limited) part of the total-Si determined present at the lumen side of the intestinal tissues, i.e. entrapped in the crypts of Lieberkuhn and/or around the intestinal villi.
Gelatin hydrogel/contact lens composites as rutin delivery systems for promoting corneal wound healing
Published in Drug Delivery, 2021
Lianghui Zhao, Xia Qi, Tao Cai, Zheng Fan, Hongwei Wang, Xianli Du
The transparency of the rutin-encapsulated gelatin hydrogel/contact lenses was assessed by placing the lenses on a white paper bearing a black letter ‘A’. The optical transmittance of contact lenses was measured by an ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer (SpectraMax M2, Molecular Devices, MD, USA) at 50 nm intervals in the wavelength range of 250–800 nm. The swelling performance was evaluated by immersing the dried contact lenses in deionized water. The swelling ratio was calculated with the following equation: swelling ratio (%) = (Wt−Wd)/Wd, where Wt and Wd represent the wet weight and dry weight, respectively. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed using a TA SC-TGA Q600 (USA), and Fourier transform infrared spectrum analysis (FTIR) was measured by Bruker Tensor II (Germany). Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) mapping was recorded by Merlin Compact (ZEISS, Germany). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was collected using ESCALAB 250Xi XPS spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA).
Homogeneity of amorphous solid dispersions – an example with KinetiSol®
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2019
Scott V. Jermain, Dave Miller, Angela Spangenberg, Xingyu Lu, Chaeho Moon, Yongchao Su, Robert O. Williams
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a widely-utilized technique to characterize particle morphology of amorphous solid dispersions by using a monochromatic electron beam to probe the surface and near-surface areas of materials [35]. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) is often combined with SEM (SEM/EDS) and is able to provide semi-quantitative identification of elemental information for the area ionized by the SEM beam [36]. The X-ray photons escape from depths of several µm within the sample upon excitation from the SEM beam, so the EDS technique is considered to be sensitive to surface and near-surface elements in the sample [35]. When combined with the SEM beam, a two-dimensional image can be created that maps the elemental distribution across the sample [37]. By identifying an element or elements unique to the drug of interest, SEM/EDS can be utilized to evaluate homogeneous dispersion of a drug-polymer system at a spatial resolution of several µm [35,37].