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Digitally Augmenting Therapies: A DTx Opportunity for Pharma Portfolio Development
Published in Oleksandr Sverdlov, Joris van Dam, Digital Therapeutics, 2023
Benjamin D'hont, Romain Marmot
The combination of a drug, a DTx, and a connected drug delivery device can help biopharmaceutical companies deliver an ecosystem of products and services that has the potential to facilitate self-administration under the remote supervision of healthcare professionals.
Vitreoretinal Surgery in Rare Conditions
Published in Pradeep Venkatesh, Handbook of Vitreoretinal Surgery, 2023
Chronic diseases of the retina and choroid such as age-related macular degeneration [ARMD], diabetic retinopathy, and chronic non-infectious uveitis are extremely challenging to manage in the long term. This is largely because delivery of drugs to the posterior segment of the eye has to overcome numerous anatomical and physiological barriers to achieve an effective and sustained concentration of the drug within the vitreous cavity, retina, and choroid. While intravitreal injections have been effective, repeated breach of the ocular coat increases the risk of endophthalmitis, traumatic cataract, increased IOP, intraocular haemorrhage, and retinal detachment. In addition, there are an added economic burden and time crunch with repeated intravitreal injections. In this background, the most appropriate solution seems to reside in the availability of safe and effective sustained drug delivery devices. These devices should be biologically and chemically inert, should be devoid of immediate and late procedure-related complications, must not impede optical clarity of the vitreous, must not obstruct the central visual field, must have an ease of surgical insertion and removal [or be biodegradable], and must be affordable. An ideal drug delivery device fulfilling all of these criteria is yet to become commercially available. An ideal solution for port-side sustained release drug delivery could be an inflatable drug reservoir [see section of port delivery system].
Bioequivalence of Orally Inhaled Drug Products: Challenges and Opportunities
Published in Anthony J. Hickey, Sandro R.P. da Rocha, Pharmaceutical Inhalation Aerosol Technology, 2019
Jayne E. Hastedt, Elise Burmeister Getz
For most OIDPs, there is a wide distribution of aerodynamic particle sizes, sometimes of varying composition. Larger particles preferentially deposit in the upper and central airways because, due to inertia, they are less likely to follow the changes in airflow direction arising from repeated anatomical branching of the airways (Figure 31.2). Smaller particles are more likely to remain entrained in the airflow and transit to the peripheral portion of the lungs where they deposit via such mechanisms as gravitational sedimentation and Brownian diffusion. The vast increase in cross-sectional area towards the later (peripheral) generations of the lungs22 results in a reduction in airflow velocity in vivo and a corresponding increase in particle residence time, thus giving such time-dependent mechanisms as sedimentation and diffusion of aerosol particles entrained in the airstream an opportunity to influence deposition. Thus, the in vivo lung deposition pattern depends on inhalation flow rate, airway geometry, aerodynamic particle size, and the interaction of the patient with the drug delivery device.
Extrusion-based systems for topical and transdermal drug delivery
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2023
Ana Luiza Lima, Idejan P. Gross, Lívia Lira de Sá-Barreto, Tais Gratieri, Guilherme Martins Gelfuso, Marcilio Cunha-Filho
Polymeric hollow MNs have been used as a minimally invasive strategy to inject drugs through the outermost layers of the skin and wounds. Based on this idea, a programmable drug delivery device was recently reported to treat chronic wounds, especially those commonly found in patients with type II diabetes. The hollow MN arrays obtained by FDM 3D printing pass through the crust and necrotic tissue, enabling the delivery of cefazolin and bovine serum albumin directly into the deeper layers of the wound bed. This innovative approach showed outstanding results in promoting re-epithelialization and angiogenesis compared with topical administration by in vivo tests [35]. The advantages of hollow MNs are undoubted: i) the bypass of the outermost layers by the created microchannels; ii) higher dosage associated with a drug reservoir; and iii) automated drug delivery.
Co-delivery of an HIV prophylactic and contraceptive using PGSU as a long-acting multipurpose prevention technology
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2023
Jarrod Cohen, Dennis Shull, Stephanie Reed
Long-acting devices can include inserts, implants, pumps, and stents [34,35]. Several of these have been commercialized for indications including contraceptives (Nexplanon®) [36–38], chronic illness (Susvimo™) [39–41], pain management (Xaracoll®) [42,43], and opioid abuse disorder (Probuphine®) [44–47]. While current commercialized implants are non-degradable, a market shift in drug delivery has focused on using biodegradable materials. These materials, often polymeric, degrade in vivo through hydrolysis and eliminate the need for removal procedures, minimizing the risk of infection and burdensome visits to the clinic [48]. Biodegradable polymers have been applied in medical applications ranging from bioresorbable cardiovascular stents to surgical sutures. While long-acting contraceptives have been clinically and commercially established [36,49], long-acting HIV prophylactics have only recently became commercially available [50,51]. As such, there is a prime opportunity to combine these therapies in a single long-acting drug delivery device.
Electronically powered drug delivery devices: considerations and challenges
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2022
Guang Liu, Yanli Lu, Fenni Zhang, Qingjun Liu
For the past few years, numerous studies have been conducted to enhance delivery efficiency and find a reliable method for drug distribution inside the human body. A microchip-based drug delivery device includes integrated control circuits and drug reservoirs that are competent for storing and distributing multiple chemicals, including drugs on-demand, for an extended time without needing physician and patient intervention [37–39]. It consists of plenty of drug-filled sockets (typically 50–300), each covered by a thin metal film, which release drugs at the programmed interval. The reservoir can hold a variety of pharmaceutical molecules or other compounds [40]. The microchips are fabricated from the semiconductor substrate or polymer, which contain micro and nanoscale electrical control circuits and related features that can execute the task enabled by the hardware design and software programming [41–43]. Some devices also have specially designed mechanical switches, sensors, actuators, or solenoid valves [44,45]. In 1999, the first demonstration of the microchip experiment was reported with tremendous potential in drug delivery [37]. The microchip was fabricated using silicon and contained plenty of drug reservoirs, each of which was covered on the end surface by a thin gold membrane that served as an electrochemical anode in the reaction. Compared with conventional drug distribution, the microchip is characteristic of sustained release to maintain an ideal therapeutic concentration profile [46].