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Membrane Transport
Published in Lelio G. Colombetti, Biological Transport of Radiotracers, 2020
Figure 8 applies to an asymmetrical system. For a symmetrical carrier the primed rate constants are equal to the unprimed ones. In any event, the principle of detailed balance or microscopic reversibility28 must hold for this system:
The Role of Antimotility and Antisecretory Agents in the Management of Short Bowel Syndrome
Published in John K. DiBaise, Carol Rees Parrish, Jon S. Thompson, Short Bowel Syndrome Practical Approach to Management, 2017
Mandy L. Corrigan, Donald F. Kirby
King and colleagues [15] compared the effectiveness of codeine and loperamide on ileostomy output. While both treatment groups experienced a significant decrease in ileostomy output, the group receiving loperamide had fewer side effects and electrolyte losses compared with the codeine group. Nightingale et al. [16] reported a synergistic effect when using loperamide and codeine in an SBS patient with Crohn’s disease and an end-jejunostomy that led to the eventual discontinuation of parenteral nutrition (PN) after dependence on PN for 14 years. Using detailed balance studies, they showed that the combination of loperamide 4 mg with codeine 60 mg four times daily and 1000 mL of an oral rehydration solution daily achieved positive fluid and sodium balance.
Enzyme Kinetics
Published in Clive R. Bagshaw, Biomolecular Kinetics, 2017
Note that for freely reversible reactions, the same mechanism can be studied in reverse by initiating the reaction with P in the absence of S. Under these conditions, and . It follows from detailed balance that
Modeling material stress using integrated Gaussian Markov random fields
Published in Journal of Applied Statistics, 2020
Peter W. Marcy, Scott A. Vander Wiel, Curtis B. Storlie, Veronica Livescu, Curt A. Bronkhorst
Instead of proposing a candidate S subblock proposals with a joint acceptance of the whole collection; the resulting Metropolis step then has jumping rule: S evaluations as prescribed by (11), and S more from the detailed balance computation, i.e. swapping the roles of ‘sth block of
The effect of Tai Chi on balance and functional mobility in children with congenital sensorineural hearing loss
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2020
Sebahat Yaprak Cetin, Suat Erel, Ummuhan Bas Aslan
Several studies in literature have used the Bruininks Oseretsky Test to evaluate balance in children with hearing loss. Results have shown that the balance skills of children with hearing loss are worse than those of healthy children [41,46,47]. The balance subtest of the Bruininks Oseretsky test was used in those studies. In the current study, the short form of the BOT 2 was used as a detailed balance assessment was made with the Pediatric Balance Scale. In another study, it was observed that of children with sensorineural hearing loss, those with meningitis in the etiology had a worse balance function according to the Bruininks Oseretsky Test [10]. In the current study, there were genetic causes in the etiology of the majority of children.
Emerging therapeutic targets for cardiac hypertrophy
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2022
Alexander J. Winkle, Drew M. Nassal, Rebecca Shaheen, Evelyn Thomas, Shivangi Mohta, Daniel Gratz, Seth H. Weinberg, Thomas J. Hund
Upstream of the MAPK cascades, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase responsible for regulating cell adhesion and migration with demonstrated ability to modulate hypertrophic signaling with preservation of cardiac function [44]. FAK plays an important role in the accumulation of ECM and in integrin signaling, closely linking it to the mechanical response of cardiac tissue [45]. FAK/integrin complexes serve as mechanotranducers in normal heart development and in pathophysiology, and emerging evidence implicates that the FAK mediates other downstream targets in hypertrophy (Figure 2). One major pathway for inducing hypertrophy involves FAK and ERK1/2. ET-1 mediated ECM remodeling and mechanical stress lead to activation of FAK (S910 and Y397 residues)-ERK1/2 pathways [46]. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) has also been shown to play a role in activation of FAK and ERK in inducing autophagy and hypertrophy [47,48]. Inhibition of autophagy reduced hypertrophy in this model. Conversely, induction of autophagy increased hypertrophy. When FAK was silenced using siRNA, OPG-induced changes in autophagy status and cellular hypertrophy were diminished [48]. This correlates with other studies that have investigated FAK phosphorylation of Beclin 1, an autophagy protein. Beclin1 is required for FAK-mediated autophagy suppression, and this mechanism may be responsible for the cardioprotection in response to transaortic constriction (TAC) [47]. Interestingly, there is evidence that FAK regulation can promote both eccentric and concentric hypertrophy. One study used a cardiac specific FAK transgenic mouse model and found that overexpression of FAK induces concentric hypertrophy with preserved cardiac function. Myocytes isolated from baseline FAK overexpression models showed an increased cross-sectional area but similar lengths to WT mice. When subjected to chronic pressure overload, the FAK overexpression model showed similar fractional shortening, left ventricular end diastolic diameters, and posterior wall thickness to the WT TAC model [49]. However, when studies have used cardiac specific FAK KO mouse models, they found that they developed eccentric cardiac hypertrophy and decreased cardiac function following TAC or angiotensin II stimulation [50]. Overexpression of FAK yields moderate concentric hypertrophy, while full KO increases the propensity for eccentric hypertrophy and loss of function, indicating that a detailed balance of FAK activity is necessary for normal cardiac function and the FAK may have some role in regulating the direction of hypertrophy. Furthermore, these data illustrate the importance of distinguishing hypertrophic profiles, and not just hypertrophy in general, in parsing the beneficial from detrimental characteristics in the hypertrophic response.