China 
Africa 
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Electronic health records for patient-centred healthcare
Published in Wendy Currie, David Finnegan, Integrating Healthcare with Information and Communications Technology, 2018
iEHR vary in the amount of detail that is transferred from other systems. Some longitudinal records are comprehensive (e.g. Cheung, et al. 2007) but many share a minimum set of healthcare data such as diagnoses, allergies, certain test results, medications and treatments. Although standards that define such a ‘minimum’ dataset are being developed (e.g. the Continuity of Care Record standard – ASTM 2006) there remains considerable diversity in content. Four different summary records are in use in the UK, each with their own datasets (Greenhalgh, et al. 2008).
Information technology (IT)
Published in Nassab Reza, Rajaratnam Vaikunthan, Loh Michael, B. Sonny Bal, Applying MBA Knowledge and Skills to Healthcare, 2017
Nassab Reza, Rajaratnam Vaikunthan, Loh Michael, B. Sonny Bal
When moving between hospitals, clinicians will notice significant differences in the software used for patient records and imaging. In order to allow ready exchange of information between the various systems some standards must exist.3➤ ASTM CCR – Continuity of Care Record – A patient health summary standard based upon XML, the CCR can be created, read and interpreted by various EHR or EMR systems, allowing easy interoperability between otherwise disparate entities.➤ ANSI X12 (EDI) – Used for transmitting virtually any aspect of patient data. Has become popular in the United States for transmitting billing information.➤ CEN – EN13606 – the European standard for the communication of information from EHR systems, and HISA, a services standard for inter-system communication in a clinical information environment.➤ DICOM – A heavily used standard for representing and communicating radiology images and reporting.➤ HL7 – HL7 messages are used for interchange between hospital and physician record systems and between EMR systems and practice management systems; HL7 Clinical Document Architecture (CDA) documents are used to communicate documents such as physician notes and other material.➤ ISO – ISO TC215 has defined the EHR, and also produced a technical specification ISO 18308 describing the requirements for EHR architectures.➤ Open EHR – public specifications and implementations for EHR systems and communication, based on a complete separation of software and clinical models.
The quality of feedback from outpatient departments at referral hospitals to the primary care providers in the Western Cape: a descriptive survey
Published in South African Family Practice, 2019
Robert Mash, Herma Steyn, Muideen Bello, Klaus von Pressentin, Liezel Rossouw, Gavin Hendricks, Germarie Fouche, Dusica Stapar
A number of initiatives have been established to try and improve coordination of care in the Western Cape. The Vula app (https://vula.uct.ac.za/portal) enables primary care providers to contact the specialist on call, provide patient information and receive feedback on a patient that they would like to refer as an emergency, but is not intended for outpatient referrals. Many patients are handled with advice from the specialist, while others can be quickly accepted for referral. Another system (eCCR—Electronic Continuity of Care Record) is enabling electronic in-patient discharge summaries to be created and accessed across the platform. The single patient viewer system is also trying to link patients’ electronic information across levels of care by using a unique identifier. None of these initiatives, however, address the quality of referrals and feedback from outpatient visits.