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Digital Health Technologies and Innovations
Published in Kelly H. Zou, Lobna A. Salem, Amrit Ray, Real-World Evidence in a Patient-Centric Digital Era, 2023
Kelly H. Zou, Mina B. Riad, Shaantanu Donde, Joan van der Horn, Tarek A. Hassan
Sensors are the tools that detect physical, chemical, and biological signals providing a way for those signals to be measured and recorded for e.g., smart pacemakers, artificial retinas, and chemical sensors. The medical staff will obtain information online about a patient’s blood chemistries, electrocardiogram, blood pressure, and temperature. A diabetic patient will have a smart glucose sensor or insulin reservoir system implanted or even a continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) system. Not only for adults but also sensors now can measure vitals for fetus like heart rate during labor or monitor the lactate in their blood (Wilson, 1999 and Cummins et al., 2018).
Direct and Indirect Measures of Dietary Intake Use of Sensors and Modern Technologies
Published in Dale A. Schoeller, Margriet S. Westerterp-Plantenga, Advances in the Assessment of Dietary Intake, 2017
Holly L. McClung, Joseph J. Kehayias, Gary P. Zientara, Reed W. Hoyt
A sensor in the broadest sense is an object or device that detects events or changes in its environment and provides a corresponding output. The term sensor is often used interchangeably with the term transducer. A transducer is a device that converts one form of energy to another, for example, sound to movement; temperature to electricity. For our purposes, we will consider a transducer to be the component of a more complex sensor or sensing system that allows for an observable response. Sensors may be divided into three types: physical sensors measure distance, mass, temperature, and so on (e.g., Avatar), chemical sensors (chemosensors and chemoreceptors) respond to chemical changes in their environment and biosensors in which a biochemical process is the source of the analytical signal (Hulanicki et al. 1991; Eggin 2004).
Flexible and Wearable Chemical Sensors for Noninvasive Biomonitoring
Published in Daniel Tze Huei Lai, Rezaul Begg, Marimuthu Palaniswami, Healthcare Sensor Networks, 2016
Hiroyuki Kudo, Kohji Mitsubayashi
Recently, many kinds of mobile information devices suitable for everyday wear have been developed. These devices are often computerized and called wearable devices. Although some of these utilize biological information (e.g., voice or fingerprint recognition), there are still many restrictions in the development of chemical sensors. Many physical sensors make excellent wearable devices because they are microfabricated, reliable and durable. Wearable chemical sensors for biomonitoring similarly need to be safe and comfortable to wear, and they additionally need to be highly accurate. Some chemical sensors, such as Clark’s oxygen electrode, also require the presence of other solutions. This reduces the wearability of these devices. Flexibility is one of the more important features required for comfort and safety needs in on-site biomonitoring. Flexible sensors are ones that follow the transformation and expansion of movement of the body without compromising their ability to measure biological information. Additionally, wearers can use these devices with minimum awareness of their presence. These types of sensors are usually fabricated using polymer microfabrication techniques. Another important feature is biocompatibility, which allows the sensors to be attached on any site of the human body. This is expected to build a network system such as that shown in Figure 6.1.
The electronic tongue: an advanced taste-sensing multichannel sensory tool with global selectivity for application in the pharmaceutical and food industry
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2023
It is a system that usually consists of an array of non-specific chemical sensors combined with appropriate data acquisition systems and chemometric tools. During sample assessment, the ET sensor array produces an unresolved analytical signal, which is correlated with the chemical composition of the sample. This relies on the proper choice of the sensor array, comprising sensors with pronounced sensitivity towards the substances and properties of interest. The resulting signal can be processed by various multivariate data analysis techniques to extract quantitative and qualitative information about the sample. Principal component analysis (PCA), discriminant factorial analysis (DFA), cluster analysis, and partial least squares (PLS) are among the chemometric methods used to describe the relationship between the sensors and test preparations (Kirsanov et al. 2019).
Recent advances in electrochemical and optical sensing of the organophosphate chlorpyrifos: a review
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2022
Athira Sradha S, Louis George, Keerthana P, Anitha Varghese
“Analytical devices that can detect physical, chemical, biological changes and convert them to quantifiable signals” are called sensors. Chemical sensors, in particular, “are devices that report chemical changes.” Sensors, in general, consist of three parts: a sensing element, a transducer and a signal processor. The sensing element is responsible for interaction with the analyte and thereby producing a chemical signal. The chemical signal generated is converted to an observable signal by the transducer. The signal processor essentially helps in the amplification of the produced signal (Faridbod et al. 2018). An introduction of biosensor that can be used as an analytical device that possesses a biological recognition element and biological interactions to detect and measure the concentration of a specific analyte. The detecting analyte transforms bio-molecular interactions into an identifiable signal (Raman Suri et al. 2009; Shrikrishna et al. 2021; Sagar et al. 2022). Based on the working principle of the transducer we can broadly classify chemical sensors as electrochemical sensors, optical sensors, mass-sensitive sensors, magnetic sensors, thermometric sensors, etc. (Hulanicki et al. 1991).
Automatic odor prediction for electronic nose
Published in Journal of Applied Statistics, 2018
Mina Mirshahi, Vahid Partovi Nia, Luc Adjengue
Electronic nose devices have received continuous attention in the field of sensor technology. The applications of e-nose include industrial production, processing, and manufacturing, mainly in quality control, grading, processing controls, and gas leak detection. In the last decade, great attention has been paid to the subject of air quality, because the air directly influences the environmental and human health. A crucial element in the assessment of indoor and outdoor air quality is auditing the odorants. Technological trend shows chemical sensors will be available for cell phones in the near future. This will transform auditing odors from industrial sites level to personal level. Algorithms such as one described in this article opens up horizons for smart olfaction technology.