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Viruses as Nanomaterials
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Dushyant R. Dudhagara, Megha S. Gadhvi, Anjana K. Vala
In the 21st Century, nanotechnology has become one of the most rapidly developing fields of science and technology (Mangematin and Walsh 2012). Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary field that combines applied science and engineering to focus on ways to control and measure objects at the molecular level (Zhang 2003). Materials with at least one dimension within the range of 1–100 nm are commonly used in the field of nanotechnology. The fabrication of biomimetic materials has received a lot of attention in recent years. Viruses are the best example of highly organized nanoscale biological materials and structures that have motivated researchers to develop new methods for producing novel nanomaterials. Bio-nanotechnology encompasses a multidisciplinary approach and can be very broad. To analyze and use biological molecules at the nanoscale, scientists have been combining concepts from biology, chemistry, physics, materials science, and engineering into a unified pattern. Bio-templated nanomaterials, biomimetics, bio-nanopatterning, and nanotoxicology are only a few of the topics covered by this mixture of biology and nanotechnology (Soto and Ratna 2010).
Extracellular Matrix: The State of the Art in Regenerative Medicine
Published in Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
Gurpreet Singh, Pooja A Chawla, Abdul Faruk, Viney Chawla, Anmoldeep Kaur
Biomimetic materials can be fabricated using different techniques, i.e. soft lithography (Whitesides et al. 2001) (micro-contact printing), electrospinning (Braghirolli et al. 2014), and 3D printing (Atala and Forgacs 2019). Cellular constituents present within all tissues are required for tissue morphogenesis, differentiation, and the homeostasis process. Fundamentally, ECM can resolve various syndromes, physiological conditions, and defects in the body (Theocharis et al. 2019). In recent years, many studies indicate the role of native ECMs/DECM in regenerative medicine (Ramos and Moroni 2020). The main applications of ECMs include 3D tissue culturing (Edmondson et al. 2014), stimulate the wound healing process (Agren and Werthen 2007), activate stem cell differentiation (Gattazzo et al. 2014), and drug screening assays (Langhans 2018). It’s also applied in cell repair pathways and functional recovery of kidney (Bulow and Boor 2019), adrenal glands (Ruiz-Babot et al. 2015), and reproductive organs (Yalcinkaya et al. 2014). ECMs have many applications due to their biocompatibility and in vivo replicate ability (Aamodt and Grainger 2016). This chapter summarises some research investigations based on EMCs in regenerative medicine.
Biomimetic Approaches for the Design and Development of Multifunctional Bioresorbable Layered Scaffolds for Dental Regeneration
Published in Vincenzo Guarino, Marco Antonio Alvarez-Pérez, Current Advances in Oral and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering, 2020
Campodoni Elisabetta, Dozio Samuele Maria, Mulazzi Manuela, Montanari Margherita, Montesi Monica, Panseri Silvia, Sprio Simone, Tampieri Anna, Sandri Monica
In particular, new synthetic methods that allow the controlled growth of crystals and the multiscale organized structures are attracting increasing attention. In this way, nature is studied not only to develop new and biomimetic materials, but also to imitate the natural processes and design innovative methods of syntheses. An example of a highly biomimetic process investigated to develop bone-like biomaterials is biomineralization, a natural assembly process that has been successfully reproduced in the laboratory to induce a heterogeneous nucleation of inorganic nanocrystals on an organic matrix, to produce hybrid scaffolds with compositional, morphological and structural characteristics similar to natural mineralized tissues. This process is the basis of bones, shells and exoskeletons generation and allows the design of bio-hybrid materials with unique properties that cannot be obtained from conventional approaches (Campodoai et al. 2018).
Interaction between microorganisms and dental material surfaces: general concepts and research progress
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2023
Yan Tu, Huaying Ren, Yiwen He, Jiaqi Ying, Yadong Chen
In addition to some conventional hydrophobic surfaces, it has been reported that superhydrophilic surfaces can inhibit biofilm formation. In nature, many animals and plants have superhydrophobic surfaces, such as roses and lotus leaves, with a rolling angle of<10°. Because of their low surface energy and special roughness, they have a remarkable self-cleaning ability, and superhydrophobicity is the major factor [40]. Studies on these animals and plants in nature provide a deeper understanding of superhydrophobic surfaces. This is of great significance for the preparation of biomimetic materials. For example, the Cassie-Baxter liquid usually shows lower sliding and contact angle hysteresis than the Wenzel liquid. Based on a Cassie-Baxter model (Figure 3), the system achieved superhydrophobicity when the surface roughness was within an acceptable range [41]. Some durable superhydrophobic-layered biomimetic materials have been developed according to this theory [40].
Role of MALDI-MSI in combination with 3D tissue models for early stage efficacy and safety testing of drugs and toxicants
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2020
Chloe E Spencer, Lucy E Flint, Catherine J Duckett, Laura M Cole, Neil Cross, David P Smith, Malcolm R Clench
Recent developments of cutting-edge technology have enabled further advancements with organoid cultures. Three-dimensional bioprinting enables fabrication of highly complex multi-cellular tissues by combining cells, growth factors, and biomimetic materials. This technology has revolutionized tissue engineering due to its versatile processing capabilities to recapitulate important structural features of functional organs, which in the long term could be considered for transplantable tissue in regenerative medicine [40]. Bioprinting also has the potential to be used for personalized medicine for cancer treatment. For example, Zhao et al. [41] constructed an in vitro cervical cancer model by the fabrication of HeLa cells with hydrogel-based materials, observing a significant difference in chemo-resistance to the anti-cancer drug, paclitaxel, compared to 2D cell culture. Evaluation of anti-cancer treatment using 3D bioprinting is still a relatively new concept, however it has the potential to be used as a pre-clinical in vitro study tool in drug development. MSI has not been used to exploit 3D bioprinting to the best of our knowledge to date, however it seems that this could in future be used as a valuable tool for in vitro drug analysis.
Novel optimized drug delivery systems for enhancing spinal cord injury repair in rats
Published in Drug Delivery, 2021
Man Zhang, Yang Bai, Chang Xu, Jinti Lin, JiaKang Jin, Ankai Xu, Jia Nan Lou, Chao Qian, Wei Yu, Yulian Wu, Yiying Qi, Huimin Tao
Biological membrane coating is an effective tool for nanoparticle drug carriers in order to improve their biological properties (Zou et al., 2020). The membrane is nondestructive and extracted by a variety of physical and chemical methods, and then wrapped on the surface of inorganic or organic nanocarrier. Thus, they have similar biological functions to cells from the membrane. The use of cell membrane-coated nanodrugs that simulate source cells with a natural cell membrane of good biocompatibility, and the ability to interact in an in vivo microenvironment can identify and target source cells, extend its blood half-life, enhance accumulation in the target area, reduce immunogenicity, and minimize side effects (Luk & Zhang, 2015; Kroll et al., 2017; Qin et al., 2020). The sources of biomimetic materials include red blood cells, white blood cells, stem cells, tumor cells and platelets. Among these, platelets, which are an important cell type, are involved in the process of coagulation and hemostasis, innate immune response, and bacterial infection. Some studies in the treatment of cardiovascular atherosclerosis (Wei et al., 2018), rheumatoid arthritis (Jin et al., 2018), and cancer (Jiang et al., 2020) using a platelet membrane as a carrier of nanocoating have led to desirable outcomes. Furthermore, platelet membranes have the ability to naturally target the hemorrhage and inflammatory site, and do not need to rely upon passive targeting and active targeting by ligands and external stimulation. Thus, in view of the pathological characteristics of secondary SCI, application of platelet membrane is worth looking forward to.