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Introduction
Published in Shoogo Ueno, Bioimaging, 2020
Optical microscopy based on CRS allows for biological imaging with molecular vibrational contrast. CRS microscopy is opening up a variety of applications which include label-free molecular analysis of cells and tissues, monitoring of metabolic activities, and super-multiplex imaging with more than ten colors. Two types of CRS are mainly introduced; coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy. CARS microscopy is advantageous for acquiring broadband vibrational spectra, while SRS is useful for high-speed and sensitive analysis of vibrational spectra in a relatively narrow bandwidth (Ozeki et al., 2009).
Molecular image guided radiotherapy
Published in Michael C. Joiner, Albert J. van der Kogel, Basic Clinical Radiobiology, 2018
Vincent Grégoire, Karin Haustermans, John Lee
Molecular imaging, also referred to as biological imaging or functional imaging, is the use of non-invasive imaging techniques that enable the visualization of various biological pathways and physiological characteristics of tumours and/or normal tissues. In short, it mainly refers (but not only) to positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In clinical oncology, molecular imaging offers the unique opportunity to allow an earlier diagnosis and staging of the disease to contribute to the selection and delineation of the optimal target volumes before and during (i.e. adaptive treatment) radiotherapy and to a lesser extent before surgery, to monitor the response early on during the treatment or after its completion, and to help in the early detection of recurrence. From the viewpoint of experimental radiation oncology, molecular imaging may bridge radiobiological concepts such as tumour hypoxia, tumour proliferation, tumour stem cell density and tumour radiosensitivity by integrating tumour biological heterogeneity into the treatment planning equation (Figure 22.1). From the viewpoint of experimental oncology, molecular imaging may also facilitate and speed up the process of drug development by allowing faster and cheaper pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies.
Analytical and mechanistic modeling
Published in Issam El Naqa, A Guide to Outcome Modeling in Radiotherapy and Oncology, 2018
Vitali Moiseenko, Jimm Grimm, James D. Murphy, David J. Carlson, Issam El Naqa
Biological imaging, specifically molecular and functional imaging, provides a means to probe tumor and normal tissue properties which may impact response to radiation. The most commonly used modalities including positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission tomography (SPECT) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) provide quantitative tools to assess spatial distribution of a property of choice for an individual patient, a field currently known as radiomics (see Chapter 3). These properties include glucose metabolism, hypoxia, perfusion, diffusion, cell proliferation, membrane synthesis and amino acid metabolism. Emphasis thus far has been on probing tumor properties and designing trials to account for tumor biology. There is convincing evidence that select properties such as hypoxia or metabolic activity assessed by biological imaging before or during the course of radiotherapy relate to outcomes. In particular, a relationship between tumor control and tumor biological properties was demonstrated for non-small lung cancer [339], rectal cancer [340], and cervical cancer [341]. Boosting the dose to regions which show properties associated with higher risk recurrence, e.g., large concentration of tumor cells, hypoxia or rapid proliferation, is an intuitive yet clinically unproven approach to individualize radiotherapy treatments for specific subgroups of patients. Designing these boost targets ideally should rely on dose-response and a mechanistic understanding of how a particular property affects this response.
Melanoma-associated repair-like Schwann cells suppress anti-tumor T-cells via 12/15-LOX/COX2-associated eicosanoid production
Published in OncoImmunology, 2023
Oleg Kruglov, Kavita Vats, Vishal Soman, Vladimir A. Tyurin, Yulia Y. Tyurina, Jiefei Wang, Li’an Williams, Jiying Zhang, Cara Donahue Carey, Erik Jaklitsch, Uma R. Chandran, Hülya Bayir, Valerian E. Kagan, Yuri L. Bunimovich
Tissues were fixed with 2% PFA for 2 h and incubated in 30% sucrose in PBS for 24 h. Tissues were frozen in 2-methylbutane (Sigma) in liquid nitrogen, embedded in Tissue Plus OCT (Thermo Fisher) and processed into 50 μm thick sections. Sections were permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 (Sigma) in PBS for 10 min, blocked with 5% goat serum (Gibco) + 2% BSA in PBS for 45 min and washed with 0.5% BSA in PBS containing 0.1% Triton X-100. Immunostaining was performed for 16 h at 4C with primary antibodies followed by secondary antibodies (Supplementary Table S2) for 1 h at RT and then 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI, Sigma, 1 µg/mL). Sections mounted in Gelvatol medium (Sigma) were imaged using Nikon A1+ confocal microscope at the Center for Biological Imaging (University of Pittsburgh, PA). Image analyses were performed with NIS-Elements AR 4.40 software (Nikon).
Emerging trends in aggregation induced emissive luminogens as bacterial theranostics
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2021
Fluorescent materials that belong to various categories have been explored for their functional usage as biological imaging agents in vivo. Though inorganic upconversion nanoparticles or quantum dots display brilliant fluorescence characteristics with appreciable photostability and brightness, their expensive synthetic procedure and toxic heavy metal components are serious limitations that always cause concerns [36–43]. Nanoparticles (NPs) tagged with organic fluorophores can be utilised for fluorescence-guided real-time imaging with high sensitivity to observe the dynamic interactions of NPs and subsequent therapy. But, conventional organic fluorophores that emit intensely in dilute solutions undergo severe self-quenching in their aggregated state or at high concentration while investigating the mechanisms of bacterial infections [44,45]. These shortcomings of conventional organic luminogens and inorganic nanoparticles can be efficiently overcome by biocompatible and photostable fluorophores that demonstrate AIE.
Systematic in vivo study of NiO nanowires and nanospheres: biodegradation, uptake and biological impacts
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2018
Mohamed Alaraby, Alba Hernández, Ricard Marcos
Biological imaging is a rapidly growing field, not only in fundamental biology but also in medical science (Na, Song, and Hyeon 2009). It is expected to become a very important tool for molecular and cellular approaches as a non-invasive technique with high spatial resolution that does not require ionizing radiation (Louie 2010). One of the most famous imaging techniques is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which utilizes magnetic fields to produce detailed cross-sectional images of tissue structures with very good soft tissue contrast (Saslow et al. 2007). The use of contrast agents is necessary to increase the sensitivity of MRI and image contrast in MR scans (Jokerst and Gambhir 2011). Magnetic nanowires are used as magnetic contrast agents (Arruebo et al. 2007), or as magnetic vectors that can be directed towards a certain location in targeted drug delivery by means of a magnetic field gradient (Jurgons et al. 2006).