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Radionuclide Production
Published in Michael Ljungberg, Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists, 2022
In radionuclide therapy, in contrast to diagnostic applications, the emission of high energy beta radiation is desirable. Therefore, most radionuclides for radiotherapy are reactor produced. Examples include 90Y, 131I and 177Lu. A case of interest to study is 177Lu, which can be produced in two different ways using thermal neutrons. The most common production route is still the (n,γ) reaction on 176Lu, which opposes two conventional wisdoms in practical radionuclide production for bio-molecular labelling. Do not use a production route that yields the same product element as the target since it will negatively affect the labelling ability due to the low specific radioactivity.Do not use a target that is radioactive.
External Beam Radiotherapy and Brachytherapy
Published in Karl H. Pang, Nadir I. Osman, James W.F. Catto, Christopher R. Chapple, Basic Urological Sciences, 2021
Sophia C. Kamran, Jason A. Efstathiou
The radioactive decay of an atomic nucleus results in:Alpha radiation: emission of alpha particles (two protons, two neutrons).Beta radiation: emission of beta particles.beta− = electronsbeta+ = protonsGamma radiation: emission of electromagnetic energy (photon).
A Series of Unfortunate Events
Published in Alan Perkins, Life and Death Rays, 2021
Two plant operators were killed as a result of the explosions. Other casualties included plant workers and fire fighters who climbed to the top of the turbine building to extinguish fires on the roof. Within 24 hours of the incident 28 workers including 6 firemen received what was estimated to be radiation doses of up to 20 Gy. All these workers developed symptoms of acute radiation syndrome including nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, headaches, burns and fever and all died by the end of July. Underlying bone marrow failure was the main contributor to all deaths that occurred during the first 2 months. Another primary cause of death was considered to be due to infection from extensive skin burns from beta radiation. Around 1,000 workers were brought on site in the first few days, many of whom received high radiation doses. The operation continued to secure the site and shield the damaged reactor, so that the remaining three reactors could be restarted. Around 200,000 people, ‘liquidators’, were recruited from all over the Soviet Union between 1986 and 1987. They received high doses of radiation, averaging around 100 mSv. Some 20,000 liquidators received about 250 mSv, with a few receiving as high as 500 mSv. In all around 600,000 people were involved on site, but most of these received only low radiation doses more comparable with the background levels of around 3 mSv per year.
Costs of radium-223 and the pharmacy preparation 177Lu-PSMA-I&T for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer in Dutch hospitals
Published in Journal of Medical Economics, 2023
S. W. Quist, J. H. J. Paulissen, D. N. J. Wyndaele, J. Nagarajah, R. D. Freriks
Pharmacy preparation requires raw materials, labor, and devices. The list price of 177Lu-PSMA-I&T is estimated to be a reliable indicator of its total preparation and medication costs and, to further explain uncertainties in the list price, we account for variations in the univariate sensitivity analysis.33 However, the list price does not consider investment and hospital capacity as it already requires facilities, equipment, and labor. In addition, hospitals need access to dedicated rooms and a sufficient workforce for the observation of patients who have been administered radiopharmaceuticals that emit beta radiation.22,44 It is a limitation of our study that it does not consider the investment costs of facilities or the impact on the capacity of a hospital, and that it is restricted to direct medical per-patient costs. Therefore, in a future study, it is important to also consider the impact of radiopharmaceutical treatment on hospital capacity.
Mortality among U.S. military participants at eight aboveground nuclear weapons test series
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2022
John D. Boice, Sarah S. Cohen, Michael T. Mumma, Heidi Chen, Ashley P. Golden, Harold L. Beck, John E. Till
Approximately 235,000 military and civilian personnel participated in at least one of the 19 atmospheric U.S. nuclear weapons operations (test series) from 1945 (the TRINTY test) until the Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in 1963 (Gladeck and Johnson 1996; IOM 2000; DTRA 2019). More than 230 aboveground detonations (i.e., tests, explosions, blasts, shots) were conducted primarily at the Nevada Test Site (NTS) and the Pacific Proving Ground (PPG). NTS was called the Nevada Proving Ground from 1952 to 1955; PPG was the primary oceanic site and sometimes termed the Eniwetok Proving Ground or Bikini Proving Ground. A particular test series could have involved the detonation of up to 35 nuclear weapons over several weeks. Military code names were applied to both test series and individual detonations; e.g., ABLE and BAKER were the two detonations within the OPERATION CROSSROADS test series in 1946. Personnel at the NTS could have been exposed to gamma radiation from ground contamination and fission products when they either witnessed the explosions or entered areas following the blasts for tactical maneuvers and scientific studies. Fallout from detonations or from re-suspended radioactive debris might have been inhaled. Personnel in the Pacific also were exposed to gamma and beta radiation from fission fragments when boarding target ships placed at varying distances from the blast, entering contaminated lagoons or going ashore on the atolls after detonations, or when unexpectedly caught in the main fallout of detonations (Till et al. 2018a; DTRA 2019).
Incidence and risk factors for radioactive iodine-induced sialadenitis
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2020
Alvaro Sánchez Barrueco, Fernando González Galán, Ignacio Alcalá Rueda, Jessica Mireya Santillán Coello, María Pilar Barrio Dorado, José Miguel Villacampa Aubá, Manuel Escanciano Escanciano, Lucía Llanos Jiménez, Ignacio Mahillo Fernández, Carlos Cenjor Español
Radioactive iodine (131I) can be used both as a diagnostic tool and a treatment approach. Its utility stems from the beta radiation emitted by iodine isotopes. This radiation can be detected in specific locations for diagnostic purposes but can also be used to target thyroid cells in the course of treatment for various thyroid diseases, most commonly hyperthyroidism and differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC). Following American Thyroid Association (ATA) [1], radioiodine treatment of DTC has three goals: 1) facilitating the detection of recurrent disease by ablation of remnants, 2) minimising the risk of recurrence, as adjuvant therapy, to destroy remaining thyroid cancer cells, and 3) as a means of addressing persistent disease as reflected by high thyroglobulin (Tg) levels.