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Kill or Cure
Published in Alan Perkins, Life and Death Rays, 2021
One particular vessel known as the Radium Revigator was widely sold in the US. The radium ore would give off radon into the water which could be freely drunk at home both morning and night. These domestic perpetual health springs could be placed on a sideboard at home and smaller devices known as radium emanators could be carried around in a pocket or bag and placed in a jug of water for use during travel. A radium emanator came into my possession after a colleague3 picked one up at a jumble sale near Nottingham. It was the Radigam Radioactive Emanator sold by the Radiopathic Institute Limited of London in the 1930s. This was a hollow ebonite (bakelite) rod which contained a small amount of radium. A series of fine holes in the rod allowed the water to enter the tube and the radioactive gas to escape producing ‘activated water’ (Figure 5.12).
Interface Pressure Distribution Visualization
Published in J G Webster, Prevention of Pressure Sores, 2019
Other literature has shown that with more involved techniques and added calculations, it is possible to use photoelasticity for visualizing stresses in three spatial directions—shear and compressional stresses (McGraw-Hill 1987). We have found no studies where investigators made use of such a principle to measure shear forces. However, with more emphasis being placed on the importance of shear forces as contributory to pressure sores, it is possible that a variant of the device of Rhodes et al may be used to visualize shear forces. Other photoelastic materials include Bakelite, celluloid, gelatin, and certain synthetic resins (McGraw-Hill 1987).
Tissue Preparation For Autoradiography the Autoradiographic Process
Published in Lelio G. Colombetti, Principles of Radiopharmacology, 2019
Alicia S. Ugarte, Lelio G. Colombetti, Dieudonne J. Mewissen
The preparations are then placed into a slide rack and air dried in a vertical position for 1 or 2 hr. Rogers advised that, after drying for 1 hr, the slides should be transferred to a desiccator at room temperature for 18 to 24 hr.15 This will prevent the fading of the latent image, produced by the moisture left in the partially dried slides. They are then transferred to a Bakelite®, light-proof box, containing a desiccant for exposure in the refrigerator at 4°C.
Dry powder inhalation, part 2: the present and future
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2022
Anne Haaije de Boer, Paul Hagedoorn, Floris Grasmeijer
Arguably the most important development as prerequisite for the rapid expansion and diversification of dry powder inhalers in the past 50 years is the invention of plastics. Although some plastics were already discovered, or developed in the 1800s (e.g. Parkesine, Celluloid, Galalith and mineral filled Shellac), or the early 1900s (e.g. polyoxybenzylmethyl glycoanhydride, better known as Bakelite), they were not suitable for (mass) production of dry powder inhalers. Most plastics currently used for DPIs were first discovered or developed in the period between 1940 and 1960, including acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS: 1948), which is the construction material used for the Spinhaler prototype in 1967, polypropylene (PP: 1951), polyoxy-methylene (POM: 1951) and polycarbonate (PC: 1953). Most multidose reservoir inhalers are assemblies of parts produced from different plastics to meet specific requirements regarding powder protection (e.g. from moisture uptake), stiffness against deformation, friction between moving parts (e.g. of the dose measuring mechanism), high wear resistance (e.g. to guarantee a constant switch point for safety valves) and minimal tribocharge effects.
Facts and ideas from anywhere
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2019
Polymers appeared in 1907 when Belgian émigré Leo Baekeland (1863–1944) cooked up Bakelite, the first fully developed synthetic polymer, made entirely of molecules not found in nature. The dawn of plastics could be considered 1941, when, shortly after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, the director of the board responsible for provisioning the American military advocated the substitution, whenever possible, of plastics for aluminum, brass, and other strategic metals. World War II pulled polymer chemistry out of the lab and into real life. Many of the plastics that we know—polypropylene, nylon, acrylic, Styrofoam—got their first use during the war. By the end of the war, it was apparent that plastics could be used for nearly everything. After World War II, they began entering our homes, our cars, our clothes, our playthings, our workplaces, and even our bodies. They challenged traditional materials and won, taking the place of steel in cars, paper in glass and packaging, and wood in furniture. Ethylene gas, a byproduct of oil refineries, as a British chemist discovered in the early 1930s, could make polyethylene usable in packaging. Another byproduct, propylene, is now used in yogurt cups, microwaveable dishes, disposable diapers, and cars. Acrylonitrile could be made into acrylic fiber and into AstroTurf.