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Cancer Epidemiology
Published in Trevor F. Cox, Medical Statistics for Cancer Studies, 2022
Then non-exposed individuals are matched to exposed individuals, based on their propensity score. There are several ways this can be done using a variety of algorithms. A common one is greedy nearest neighbour matching, where, in turn, exposed individuals each have a non-exposed individual matched to them based on the closest value. If there is a tie in the values, one of them is chosen at random. The chosen non-exposed individual drops out of the pool of non-exposed individuals. This will give 1:1 matching. If multiple non-exposed individuals are to be matched to each exposed individual, you just go round the loop several times. How do you choose the order in which exposed individuals are found a match? It can be in random order, by best match possible, or by some other means. A more computer intensive algorithm is optimal matching, where matched pairs are chosen so that the average within-pair difference in propensity scores is minimised.
Causal Inference for Observational Studies/Real-World Data
Published in Harry Yang, Binbing Yu, Real-World Evidence in Drug Development and Evaluation, 2021
Matching refers to classifying subjects into small groups so that there are both treated and untreated subjects in each group and they are similar in terms of matching variables. Matching on propensity scores closely resembles a block randomized design, where the treatment assignment is random within each subgroup. Generally, propensity score matching is considered advantageous in the following perspectives. (1) It is more robust in the sense that it uses a nonparametric way to balance the covariate distributions between treated and untreated groups, which does not rely on parametric outcome models. (2) It resembles the randomization design, which is easily interpretable to a general audience. (3) It is more objective in the sense that the causal effect inference is conducted only after good matches are established and the outcome variable never enters the matching process. (4) Matching-based sensitivity analysis is well developed to assess the impact of hidden bias.
Clinical Trials
Published in Abhaya Indrayan, Research Methods for Medical Graduates, 2019
It may not be possible to find a control aged 62 years for matching with a case of the same age. In most situations, matching within ±2 years for adults is considered adequate. Such relaxation can be possibly allowed for other factors as well. In tough situations, group matching is done instead of one-to-one matching. This means that if 30% of cases are females, 30% of controls are also females; if 60% of cases have body mass index ≤25 kg/m2, a similar percentage is in the controls. This is also called frequency matching.
The association of a scholarly concentrations program with medical students’ matched residencies
Published in Medical Education Online, 2023
Hosam H. Alkhatib, Mary Catherine Beach, Kelly A. Gebo, Eric B. Bass, Jenny R. Park, Meredith A. Atkinson, Sapna R. Kudchadkar, Stephen M. Sozio
While matching students into residency programs in the same specialties of their SC projects is not a goal of the SC program at our institution, this study is, to our knowledge, the first in the literature to evaluate SC programs’ potential influences on residency specialty choice at the end of medical school. We found approximately two-thirds of medical students at our institution match into a different specialty than the specialty focus of their SC projects. Furthermore, we found that publishing with one’s SC mentors during medical school was significantly and independently associated with a student pursuing residency in the same specialty as that represented by their SC project. Despite the potential for earlier exposure and more dedication to the field possibly represented by such congruence, we found that specialty congruence was not associated with significantly higher odds of matching into a higher-ranked residency program. These findings regarding students’ SC specialty choices, publication of SC projects, and matched residencies are highly relevant to other medical schools in planning their SC programs, refining their SC curricula, and offering evidence-based advising to students in SC programs to optimize their experiences.
Medical residency match applicants undervalue factors that predict stress and burnout
Published in Medical Education Online, 2022
Kaitlyn A. Kaiser, Heather C. Lench, Linda J. Levine
The medical residency match process is becoming more competitive, with fewer applicants matching with their top choice program every year. In 2021, only 46.4% of U.S. allopathic seniors matched with their top ranked program [20], meaning that over half of all applicants matched with a program ranked second or lower. Our findings demonstrate that matching with a top-rated program is related to being happier, more excited, and less stressed shortly after Match Day, but these emotional differences did not persist. After beginning their residency programs, residents experienced similar levels of positive and negative emotion regardless of the specific rank of their match. This finding is consistent with research showing that people often adapt quickly to positive and negative outcomes, returning to an emotional ‘baseline’ after an experience [21].
Impact of the resident duty hours on in-training examination score: A nationwide study in Japan
Published in Medical Teacher, 2022
Kazuya Nagasaki, Yuji Nishizaki, Tomohiro Shinozaki, Hiroyuki Kobayashi, Taro Shimizu, Tomoya Okubo, Yu Yamamoto, Ryota Konishi, Yasuharu Tokuda
We conducted a multicenter cross-sectional observational study of postgraduate year 1 (PGY-1) and postgraduate year 2 (PGY-2) residents. After completing a 6-year medical school education in Japan, medical students enter a 2-year postgraduate residency program. Residents must undergo supervised training and rotate through seven specialties (internal medicine, emergency medicine, community-based medicine, surgery, anesthesiology, pediatrics, psychiatry, and obstetrics and gynecology). The MHLW regulates training programs and sets goals for acquiring basic knowledge and general medicine skills for residents. A computerized national matching system is in place, allowing students to apply to hospitals of their choice with clinical training facilities across the country (Kozu 2006; Teo 2007). After a 2-year residency program, most residents enter specialty-based residency training.